Abstract
The phylogenetic affinities of four representative Endocalyx taxa at the species and variety levels are studied based on materials collected on different palm hosts in Japan and the states of Hawaii and Texas, USA. They include specimens and their isolates belonging to E. cinctus, E. indumentum, E. melanoxanthus var. grossus, and E. melanoxanthus var. melanoxanthus. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data (ITS-LSU nrDNA) confirmed that Endocalyx belongs to the order Xylariales (Sordariomycetes) where all species and varieties treated form a strongly supported monophyletic lineage within the family Cainiaceae. They were also phylogenetically well resolved and consistent with their morphological and ecological circumscription. Species status is proposed for E. melanoxanthus var. grossus under the name E. grossus comb. et stat. nov. on the basis of its distinct morphological, molecular, cultural, and ecological characteristics. The putative placement of Endocalyx within the family Apiosporaceae (Amphisphaeriales), based on the presence of basauxic conidiophores, is rejected considering that all species treated clustered within the distant Cainiaceae (Xylariales). This characteristic mode of conidiophore elongation is determined to have evolved independently within distantly related ascomycetous lineages. Novel morphological and cultural features of Endocalyx taxa based on new isolates are described and commented. The recently described E. metroxyli is reduced to a synonym with E. melanoxanthus.
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Data availability
Sequence data are available in the NCBI GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) under the accession numbers given in Table 1; sequence alignments are available in TreeBASE (https://www.treebase.org/); new combination name was registered in MycoBank (https://www.mycobank.org/); specimens and strains were deposited in herbaria TNS or ILLS and culture collections JCM, CBS or NBRC, respectively, with acronyms explained in the text.
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Acknowledgements
The University of Tokyo Chichibu Forest (Japan) is thanked for permission to G.O. to collect samples in Chichibu. The Support Unit for Bio-Material Analysis, RIKEN CBS Research Resources Division, is also thanked for technical help with DNA sequencing of JCM strains. The WM Keck Center at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is thanked for sequencing services of G.D. strains. NBRC kindly supplied two Endocalyx cultures to G.O. for sequencing. G.D. gratefully acknowledges Michael Mannings, Yandi Gonzales and Kamash Pillai (EMLab P&K, USA) for technical assistance and provision of laboratory facilities. Tsuyoshi Hosoya (TNS, Japan) and B. Aguirre-Hudson (IMI, UK) are thanked for providing information about Endocalyx specimens deposited in their respective herbaria. Special thanks are also due to M. Piepenbring (Goethe University, Germany) and M. Hernández-Restrepo (CBS, The Netherlands) for serving as pre-submission reviewers of a previous draft of the manuscript.
Funding
Many samples were obtained by G.O. during the Second General Survey on Natural Environment of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands (1990–1991) supported by the Tokyo Metropolitan University (Japan), a field trip to Brazil in 1993 as part of a cooperative program to develop a culture collection in Campinas funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA, Japan), and a field trip to Indonesia in 2011 as part of a cooperative program to support a LIPI culture collection in Cibinong funded by JICA and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, Japan).
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Conceived and designed the experiments: G.D., G.O. Field work, morphological and cultural studies: G.O., G.D. Molecular work: A.H., A.N.M., T.I. Phylogenetic analyses: G.D., A.N.M. Writing and reviewing the paper: G.D., G.O. Editing the draft: G.D., G.O., A.N.M, A.H., T.I., M.O. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Delgado, G., Miller, A.N., Hashimoto, A. et al. A phylogenetic assessment of Endocalyx (Cainiaceae, Xylariales) with E. grossus comb. et stat. nov.. Mycol Progress 21, 221–242 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01759-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01759-9