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Flexible Plasmonic Paper Substrates as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Biosensors Enable Sensitive Detection of Sunitinib Malate Drug

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Abstract

Sunitinib malate (SM) is a chemical compound belonging to the class of kinase inhibitors and is mainly used in cancer treatment. However, despite its effectiveness, SM can cause multiple side effects, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which can affect the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis of SM is very important in many fields, especially for human health. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), an improved method for identifying biological and chemical substances with very low concentrations, is fast, reliable, and accurate. In order to identify the SM drug, filter paper substrates covered with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as SERS biosensors. First, AgNPs were prepared using a chemical reduction method. Then, the characteristics of the produced AgNPs were examined using FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, AFM, and UV–Vis analyses. The AgNPs were then coated on the substrates to create plasmonic active sites for identifying molecular vibrations of the SM drug. By coating the SM drug onto these substrates, the AgNPs reacted with the SM drug, successfully identifying trace amounts of the drug. The detection limit of the SERS plasmonic substrates for identifying the SM drug was 10−10 M. The average RSD for six repeated measurements was calculated at 5.39%. The enhancement factor for identifying molecular vibrations of the SM drug was experimentally calculated at 2.741 × 105 and numerically as 2.504 × 105. Therefore, the results indicate that these substrates are suitable for identifying low concentrations of this drug and can be used for drug monitoring purposes.

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Data Availability

The data related to the analyses are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to sincerely thank Mr. Hossein Sahbafar from the University of Tehran, Iran, for his invaluable assistance in performing the FDTD simulation presented in the “Enhancement Factor of SERS Substrates for the Detection of SM” section of the present study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

    Maryam Esmati

  2. Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia

    Nima Hajari

  3. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran

    Vahid Eskandari

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  1. Maryam Esmati
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  2. Nima Hajari
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Maryam Esmati. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nima Hajari. Moreover, the whole investigation was supervised by Vahid Eskandari. Finally, all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vahid Eskandari.

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Esmati, M., Hajari, N. & Eskandari, V. Flexible Plasmonic Paper Substrates as Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Biosensors Enable Sensitive Detection of Sunitinib Malate Drug. Plasmonics 19, 21–31 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01975-x

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