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A review of cellulose-based substrates for SERS: fundamentals, design principles, applications

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Abstract

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides a useful sensory platform whereby target molecules at low concentration are identified, potentially detecting a single molecule. As a result, SERS has been widely applied in a variety of research endeavors using different substrates, one of which is a cellulose-based substrate. The unique properties of cellulose in its various forms make it an important component in the design of a SERS substrate. Being a flexible substrate with minimal SERS signal interference, paper-based cellulose templates are the most extensively explored form of cellulose in SERS substrate design, with innovative designs and applications. This review provides an overview of the fundamental tools of SERS enhancement, followed by a comprehensive appraisal of the various design principles associated with producing cellulose-based materials and their use as SERS substrates. Though cellulose in its various forms cannot provide the localized surface plasmon resonance required in SERS, it aids in aggregation and stabilization of plasmonic nanoparticles leading to “hot spots” for SERS signal enhancement. The unconventional techniques adopted in the designs are examined and the associated challenges are highlighted. The review demonstrates SERS applications of the substrates in diverse technologies such as bioanalysis, water quality assessment, food safety, adulteration of illicit drugs and dye identification in artworks. Ultimately, we envisage the need for a universal set standard to realize the ideal of designing SERS substrates from the perspective of end-user demand. This can be achieved through a re-evaluation of existing findings on cellulose-based SERS substrates.

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Fig. 1
Scheme 1

Source: CMF: Reproduced with permission from Dufresne et al. (2000). Copyright 2000 John Wiley and Sons, CNF: Reprinted by permission from Wang et al. (2012b). Copyright 2012 Springer Nature, NCC: Reprinted from Ogundare et al. (2017). Copyright 2017 with permission from Elsevier, SNC: Reprinted from Lu and Hsieh (2012a). Copyright 2012 with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 2

Source: Reprinted with permission from Lee et al. (2018). Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society

Fig. 3

Source: Reprinted from Li et al. (2016). Copyright 2016 with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 4

Source: Reproduced from Yu et al. (2015). Copyright 2015 with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 5

Source: Reprinted with permission from Lee et al. (2010). Copyright (2010) American Chemical Society. Illustration of H2O/DCM interface self-assembled Ag nanoparticles on filter paper by immersion (B). Reproduced from Lin et al. (2014). Copyright 2014 with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 6

Source: Reproduced from Yu and White (2013a). Copyright 2013 with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry. (2) screen printing of Au–Ag bimetallic SERS substrate and microfluidic channels on paper. Reprinted from Qu et al. (2013). Copyright 2013 with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 7

Source: Reproduced with permission from Li et al. (2013a). Copyright 2013 John Wiley and Sons, (2) writing of metal nanoparticles on paper. Reproduced with permission from Polavarapu et al. (2014). Copyright 2014 John Wiley and Sons, and (3) Ag nanoparticles coated on paper by brushing. Reproduced from Zhang et al. (2014b). Copyright 2014 with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 8

Source: Reproduced from Ke et al. (2017). Copyright 2017 with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry

Fig. 9

Source: Reprinted from Ogundare and Van Zyl (2018). Copyright 2018 with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 10

Source: Reprinted from Liu et al. (2014). Copyright 2014 with permission from Elsevier. (2) Tear screening for Gouty arthritis diagnosis. Reprinted with permission from Park et al. (2017b). Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society and (3) Pre-natal diseases detection. Reprinted with permission from Kim et al. (2018c). Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society

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Acknowledgments

SAO thanks Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, for granting of study leave to pursue the PhD programme at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The authors thank the UKZN Nanotechnology Platform Initiative.

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  1. School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4000, South Africa

    Segun A. Ogundare & Werner E. van Zyl

  2. Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P. M. B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria

    Segun A. Ogundare

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Ogundare, S.A., van Zyl, W.E. A review of cellulose-based substrates for SERS: fundamentals, design principles, applications. Cellulose 26, 6489–6528 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02580-0

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