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Nutrient enrichment driven by canopy rainfall redistribution: Mechanism, quantification, and pattern

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Abstract

Vegetation canopies intercept and redistribute rainfall into throughfall and stemflow, which transfer substantial amounts of elements into the soil, influencing soil microbial community, plant survival, and plant community succession. Despite advancements in ecohydrological research, the implication of nutrient enrichment resulting from this redistribution of rainfall by canopies remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of 1020 papers published between 2000 and 2022, gathering data on nutrient concentration and enrichment for critical ions (including K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH +4 , Cl−, NO −3 and SO 2−4 ) from the Web of Science and Chinese Knowledge Infrastructure databases. We aimed to synthesize the mechanisms, quantify the enrichments, and identify global patterns of nutrient enrichment in stemflow and throughfall across climate zones, and vegetation types and ecosystems. The results of this study indicate that stemflow exhibits, on average, 2.1 times greater ion concentration (6.13 mg L−1) compared to throughfall. In particular, among the investigated ions, SO 2−4 (12.45 and 6.32 mg L−1) for stemflow and throughfall, respectively, and Cl− (9.21 and 4.81 mg L−1) exhibit the highest concentrations in both rainfall redistribution components, while K+ (13.7 and 5.8) and Mg2+ (5.6 and 2.8) have the highest enrichment factors. Across climate zones, throughfall and stemflow show the lowest ion concentrations but the highest enrichment factors in extremely humid regions. Along the temperature gradient, ion concentrations are the highest in cold climates with no clear patterns observed for enrichment factors with increasing temperature. In addition, shrubs, conifers, mixed forests, and artificial ecosystems demonstrate enrichment factors 1.1 to 3.0 times greater than those of trees, broad- leaved plants, pure forests, and natural ecosystems. These findings emphasize the need for increased attentions to artificial ecosystems, such as urban and agricultural ecosystems, which often received limited research focus, especially regarding shrubs and conifers exhibiting stronger nutrients enrichment capabilities. Future investigations should integrate soil moisture analysis to better understand the impact of rainfall redistribution on the nutrient enrichment processes, patterns, and nutrient balance in global terrestrial ecosystems.

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Acknowledgements

We thank two anonymous reviewers for their positive feedback and insightful comments, which greatly improved the quality of this paper. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41901038), the Start-up Research Fund of Southwest University (Grant No. SWU-KR24003), the Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology of China (Grant No. SKLURE2022-2-4), the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Chongqing (Grant No. cstc2021jcyjjqX0026), and the Special Fund for Youth Team of Southwest University (Grant No. SWU-XDJH202306).

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  1. Contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China

    Chuan Yuan & Xiaoping Yue

  2. Chongqing Jinfo Mountain Karst Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Geographical Sciences Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China

    Chuan Yuan & Qiang Tang

  3. Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Yafeng Zhang

  4. School of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China

    Yu Zhang

  5. Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China

    Yanting Hu & Wenhua Xiang

  6. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China

    Li Guo

  7. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Shuai Wang & Xiaoyan Li

  8. Yunnan Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion Prevention and Green Development, Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China

    Xingwu Duan

  9. Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, University of British Columbia (Okanagan), Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada

    Xiaohua Wei

Authors
  1. Chuan Yuan
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  2. Xiaoping Yue
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  3. Yafeng Zhang
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  4. Yu Zhang
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  5. Yanting Hu
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  6. Qiang Tang
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  7. Li Guo
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  8. Shuai Wang
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  9. Xingwu Duan
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  10. Wenhua Xiang
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  11. Xiaohua Wei
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  12. Xiaoyan Li
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chuan Yuan.

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Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Yuan, C., Yue, X., Zhang, Y. et al. Nutrient enrichment driven by canopy rainfall redistribution: Mechanism, quantification, and pattern. Sci. China Earth Sci. 67, 1529–1544 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1267-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1267-8

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