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Late Mesozoic rifting and its deep dynamic mechanisms in the central Sulu orogenic belt: Records from Lingshan Island

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Abstract

The Lingshan Island scientific drill confirms that two episodes (Laiyang period and Qingshan period) of rifting developed in the central Sulu orogenic belt (SOB) in Late Mesozoic. With a set of methods including fieldwork, drilling, core logging, zircon U-Pb dating and whole rock geochemistry applied, the age, the depositional sequence and the deep dynamic mechanisms of rift evolution were unraveled. The stratigraphic sequence of the Laiyang-Qingshan Groups on Lingshan Island was composed of two different rifting sequences: (1) Laiyang Group (147–125 Ma), which consists of deep-water gravity flow deposits with interlayers of intermediate volcanic rocks; and (2) Lower Qingshan Group (125–119 Ma), which unconformably overlies the former sequence and contains subaerial volcanic deposits and terrestrial deposits. The tectonic environment changed during the evolution of these two episodes of rifting: the rift was in a NNW-SSE extensional environment in the Laiyang period and showed the typical passive rifting character that “lithospheric extension and rifting preceded volcanism”. The passive rifting period was ended by a short WNW-ESE compression at about 125 Ma. After that, the tectonic environment transferred to a strong NW-SE extensional environment and the rifting evolved into a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period. The igneous rocks are shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline trachyandesites to trachytes with a few intercalated lamprophyres and a rhyolite. The geochemical characteristics of the igneous rocks indicate that they are mantle-derived melts with a metasomatized mantle source and/or crustal contamination. In addition, an increased thinning of the lithosphere happened during the rifting episodes. The low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate in the Jurassic weakened the thickened SOB lithospheric mantle. The rollback of the subducting plate started in late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, and the SOB lithospheric mantle was delaminated synchronously because of the gravity collapse. Thus, this caused passive rifting in the Laiyang period. Thereafter, the rollback and trench retreat of the high-angle subducting Paleo-Pacific plate would have achieved its climax, resulting in the strong regional extension. Passive rifting was ended by the crustal uplift caused by asthenospheric upwelling beneath the rift. The lower crust was heated by the upwelling asthenosphere and partially melted to form felsic melts, which were emplaced upwards and erupted explosively. The rift evolved into a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period and showed some characteristics of active rifting. Above all, a passive rifting in the Laiyang period and a volcanic arc basin in the Qingshan period developed successively in the Lingshan Island area (the central SOB). This records the transfer of the study area from the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain to the circum-Pacific tectonic domain. The delamination of SOB lithospheric mantle and the upwelling of asthenospheric material were the deep dynamic mechanisms driving the development and evolution of two rift episodes. Additionally, the rift development was controlled remotely by the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Dr. Zhenhui HOU and Dr. Tonny Berndt THOMSEN for their help in the LA-ICPMS labs of USTC and GEUS, respectively. Thanks to the two anonymous reviewers, the responsible editor Shaofeng LIU and the Editor-in-Chief Yongfei ZHENG for their constructive comments. We sincerely thank all the colleagues who contributed their efforts to the Lingshan Island Scientific Drill and to this research in recent 8 years. This study was supported by the Key R&D Plan of Shandong Province (Grant No. 2017CXGC1608), the Project of Department of Science and Technology of Sinopec (Grant No. P20028), the Shandong Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund Project (Grant No. ZR2020QD026), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Nos. 18CX06019A, 19CX05004A).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China

    Tengfei Zhou, Yaoqi Zhou, Hongyu Mu, Miao Wang, Yue Zhang, Hui Zhang, Yangjian Gu, Shihui Dong, Hanjie Zhao, Manjie Li, Yang Chen & Yanzi Liu

  2. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen-K, 1350, Denmark

    Tengfei Zhou, Nina Søager & Paul Martin Holm

  3. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Oil & Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China

    Tengfei Zhou, Yaoqi Zhou & Miao Wang

  4. Shaanxi Center of Mineral Geological Survey, Shaanxi Institute of Geological Survey, Xi’an, 710068, China

    Zhenkai Zhang

  5. School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China

    Jun Wang

  6. Department of Science and Technology, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China

    Zhao Liang

  7. College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China

    Yanjun Cheng

  8. School of Architectural Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, 256600, China

    Feifei Liu

  9. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying, 257015, China

    Yue Zhang

  10. Key Laboratory of Geological Safety of Coastal Urban Underground Space, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao Geo-Engineering Surveying Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China

    Hui Zhang

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  1. Tengfei Zhou
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Correspondence to Tengfei Zhou or Yaoqi Zhou.

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Zhou, T., Zhou, Y., Søager, N. et al. Late Mesozoic rifting and its deep dynamic mechanisms in the central Sulu orogenic belt: Records from Lingshan Island. Sci. China Earth Sci. 65, 1751–1771 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9925-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-021-9925-y

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