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Continued evolution of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses in China

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Abstract

Animal influenza viruses continue to pose a threat to human public health. The Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) viruses are widespread in pigs throughout Europe and China and have caused human infections in several countries, indicating their pandemic potential. To carefully monitor the evolution of the EA H1N1 viruses in nature, we collected nasal swabs from 103,110 pigs in 22 provinces in China between October 2013 and December 2019, and isolated 855 EA H1N1 viruses. Genomic analysis of 319 representative viruses revealed that these EA H1N1 viruses formed eight different genotypes through reassortment with viruses of other lineages circulating in humans and pigs, and two of these genotypes (G4 and G5) were widely distributed in pigs. Animal studies indicated that some strains have become highly pathogenic in mice and highly transmissible in ferrets via respiratory droplets. Moreover, two-thirds of the EA H1N1 viruses reacted poorly with ferret serum antibodies induced by the currently used H1N1 human influenza vaccine, suggesting that existing immunity may not prevent the transmission of the EA H1N1 viruses in humans. Our study reveals the evolution and pandemic potential of EA H1N1 viruses and provides important insights for future pandemic preparedness.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1800200, 2021YFC2301700).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China

    Fei Meng, Yan Chen, Zuchen Song, Qiu Zhong, Yijie Zhang, Chuanling Qiao, Cheng Yan, Huihui Kong, Liling Liu, Chengjun Li, Huanliang Yang & Hualan Chen

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  1. Fei Meng
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11427_2022_2208_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Table S1. The reference strains of H1N1 used in the phylogenetic analysis, with the isolation date, subtype, and HA gene clade.

11427_2022_2208_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Table S2. Mutations detected in the HA, PB2, and PA of EA H1N1 viruses that contribute to increased binding to human-type receptors, pathogenicity, and transmission in mammals.

Table S3. Cross-reactive HI antibody titers of the H1N1 viruses with antisera raised against different H1N1 viruses.

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Meng, F., Chen, Y., Song, Z. et al. Continued evolution of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses in China. Sci. China Life Sci. 66, 269–282 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-022-2208-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-022-2208-0

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