This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Connor, R.J., Kawaoka, Y., Webster, R.G., and Paulson, J.C. (1994). Receptor specificity in human, avian, and equine H2 and H3 influenza virus isolates. Virology 205, 17–23.
Guan, L., Shi, J., Kong, X., Ma, S., Zhang, Y., Yin, X., He, X., Liu, L., Suzuki, Y., Li, C., et al. (2019). H3N2 avian influenza viruses detected in live poultry markets in China bind to human-type receptors and transmit in guinea pigs and ferrets. Emerg Microbes Infect 8, 1280–1290.
Herfst, S., Schrauwen, E.J.A., Linster, M., Chutinimitkul, S., de Wit, E., Munster, V.J., Sorrell, E.M., Bestebroer, T.M., Burke, D.F., Smith, D.J., et al. (2012). Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets. Science 336, 1534–1541.
Imai, M., Watanabe, T., Hatta, M., Das, S.C., Ozawa, M., Shinya, K., Zhong, G., Hanson, A., Katsura, H., Watanabe, S., et al. (2012). Experimental adaptation of an influenza H5 HA confers respiratory droplet transmission to a reassortant H5 HA/H1N1 virus in ferrets. Nature 486, 420–428.
Li, M., Yin, X., Guan, L., Zhang, X., Deng, G., Li, T., Cui, P., Ma, Y., Hou, Y., Shi, J., et al. (2019). Insights from avian influenza surveillance of chickens and ducks before and after exposure to live poultry markets. Sci China Life Sci 62, 854–857.
Shi, J., Deng, G., Kong, H., Gu, C., Ma, S., Yin, X., Zeng, X., Cui, P., Chen, Y., Yang, H., et al. (2017). H7N9 virulent mutants detected in chickens in China pose an increased threat to humans. Cell Res 27, 1409–1421.
Shi, J., Deng, G., Ma, S., Zeng, X., Yin, X., Li, M., Zhang, B., Cui, P., Chen, Y., Yang, H., et al. (2018). Rapid evolution of H7N9 highly pathogenic viruses that emerged in China in 2017. Cell Host Microbe 24, 558–568.e7.
Zeng, X., Tian, G., Shi, J., Deng, G., Li, C., and Chen, H. (2018). Vaccination of poultry successfully eliminated human infection with H7N9 virus in China. Sci China Life Sci 61, 1465–1473.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Kong, H., Jiang, Y., Gao, Y., Deng, G., Shi, J., Tian, G., Liu, L., Liu, J., et al. (2013). H5N1 hybrid viruses bearing 2009/H1N1 virus genes transmit in guinea pigs by respiratory droplet. Science 340, 1459–1463.
Zou, S., Tang, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Li, X., Meng, Y., Zhao, X., Yang, L., Shu, Y., and Wang, D. (2020). Molecular characterization of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses based on poultry-related environmental surveillance in China between 2014 and 2017. Virology 542, 8–19.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0500201, 2016YFD0500203), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31521005), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-41-G12), and the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (1610302017001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Compliance and ethics
The author(s) declare that they have no conflict of interest. The animal experiments were conducted in the enhanced animal biosafety level 2 (ABSL2+) facility in the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (HVRI, CAAS). The animal isolators in the facility were hyper-filtered. The researchers who worked with ferret wear N95 masks and disposable overalls; they shower on exiting the facility. The protocols for animal studies were approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of the HVRI, CAAS.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., Hou, Y. et al. Pandemic threat posed by H3N2 avian influenza virus. Sci. China Life Sci. 64, 1984–1987 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-021-1916-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-021-1916-4