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Effects of human enclosure and farming activities on heavy metals in sediments/soils of the coastal reclamation areas in the Yangtze Estuary

  • Soils, Sec 3 • Remediation and Management of Contaminated or Degraded Lands • Research Article
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Abstract

Purpose

The enclosure and reclamation of wetland sediments altered soil properties and heavy metal levels in coastal areas. This study focuses on the effects of anthropogenic enclosure and reclamation activities on the physicochemical properties and the biotoxicity of heavy metals in sediments/soils in the Yangtze Estuary. And, the purpose was to explore the factors affecting heavy metals in different reclamation stages and to provide reasonable suggestions for stabilizing heavy metals in farmland transformed from enclosed land.

Materials and methods

According to the reclamation situation, sampling areas were divided into natural wetland (NW), the enclosure area (EA) separated from NW by a 2-m-high embankment, the reclamation area with short-term (3 years) rice cultivation history (RAS), and the reclamation area with long-term (10 years) rice cultivation history (RAL). A total of 360 heavy metal concentration data were used to assess heavy metal levels. The acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and the simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) were analyzed to compare the toxicity of heavy metals in sediments/soils at different reclamation stages. The ratios of SEM-Hg/THg (total mercury) and SEM-As/TAs (total arsenic) were used to assess the effect of Fe/S on the stability of Hg and As. Correlation matrix analysis and multiple linear regression models were performed to investigate the correlations between heavy metals and soil physicochemical properties.

Results and discussion

The cycle of leaching and drying in EA could effectively remove heavy metals for further use. And, there were no significant variations in sediment/soil properties and heavy metals between EA and RAS, suggesting a weak influence of short-term farming activities. However, due to long-term human cultivation activities and the influence of soil total organic carbon (TOC), electrical conductivity (EC), clay size fraction content, and redox conditions, the concentrations of Zn (95.27 mg·kg−1), Cu (26.42 mg·kg−1), Ni (39.93 mg·kg−1), Fe (6.34%), and As (9.80 mg·kg−1) significantly increased in RAL compared with NW, EA, and RAS. In NW and RAL, insoluble sulfide had a strong immobilization effect on As, while Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides were responsible for the stabilization of Hg in EA and RAS. Fe/S speciation, soil moisture content (MC), and TOC were key factors controlling the mobility and biotoxicity of Hg and As. And, these effects mainly occurred in 0–15 cm of surface soils.

Conclusion

Paddy or upland farming was suggested to control As or Hg risks in reclaimed soils/sediments.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank our group members including Lin Deng, Shan Jiang, and Hengbing Zeng for their constant field and laboratory assistance.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (41877476, 41271472).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China

    Junfeng Mei, Jinpu Jia, Chunjuan Bi, Jiping Liu, Yongsheng Zeng & Zhenlou Chen

  2. Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China

    Chunjuan Bi

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  1. Junfeng Mei
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  2. Jinpu Jia
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  3. Chunjuan Bi
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  4. Jiping Liu
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Contributions

Junfeng Mei: formal analysis, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; Jinpu Jia: writing—review and editing; Chunjuan Bi: conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration; Jiping Liu: resources; Yongsheng Zeng: resources, writing—review; Zhenlou Chen: supervision, funding acquisition.

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Mei, J., Jia, J., Bi, C. et al. Effects of human enclosure and farming activities on heavy metals in sediments/soils of the coastal reclamation areas in the Yangtze Estuary. J Soils Sediments 22, 2435–2447 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03248-2

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