Abstract
Biodiesel serves as a viable alternative to traditional diesel due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and lower environmental footprint. Among the diverse edible and inedible feedstocks, waste frying oil emerges as a promising and affordable feedstock for biodiesel production. Commonly waste frying oils include those derived from palm, corn, sunflower, soybean, rapeseed, and canola. The primary challenge related to biodiesel production technologies is the high production cost, which poses a significant barrier to its widespread adoption. Thus, refining the production techniques is essential to enhance yield, reduce capital expenditure, and curtail raw material expenses. An examination of the research focusing on feedstock availability, production, hurdles, operational expenditures, and future potential is pivotal for identifying the most economically and technically viable solutions. This paper critically reviews such research by exploring feedstock availability, production techniques, challenges, and costs intrinsic to biodiesel synthesis. It also underscores the economic feasibility of biodiesel production, shedding light on the pivotal factors that influence profitability, especially when leveraging waste frying oils. Through an in-depth understanding of these considerations, optimal production and feedstock choices for biodiesel production can be identified. Addressing cost and production bottlenecks could potentially enhance the economic viability of waste frying oil-based biodiesel, thus fostering both environmental sustainability and more extensive adoption of biodiesel as an environmental-friendly fuel in the future.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Aamir M, Thiri M, Yang X, Yang Y, Safdar AM (2018) Purification of biodiesel via pre-washing of transesteri fied waste oil to produce less contaminated wastewater. J Clean Prod 180:466–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.126
Abomohra AEF, Elsayed M, Esakkimuthu S, El-Sheekh M, Hanelt D (2020) Potential of fat, oil and grease (FOG) for biodiesel production: a critical review on the recent progress and future perspectives. Prog Energ Combust 81:100868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100868
Adelawon BO, Latinwo GK, Eboibi BE, Agbede OO, Agarry SE (2022) Comparison of the slow, fast, and flash pyrolysis of recycled maize-cob biomass waste, box-benhken process optimization and characterization studies for the thermal fast pyrolysis production of bio-energy. Chem Eng Commun 209(9):1246–1276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2021.1957851
Al-Muhtaseb AH, Osman AI, Murphin KPS, Jamil F, Al-Haj L, Al Nabhani A, Kyaw HH, Myint MTZ, Mehta N, Rooney DW (2021) Circular economy approach of enhanced bifunctional catalytic system of CaO/CeO2 for biodiesel production from waste loquat seed oil with life cycle assessment study. Energ Convers Manage 236:114040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114040
Ambat I, Srivastava V, Sillanpää M (2018) Recent advancement in biodiesel production methodologies using various feedstock: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 90:356–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.069
Ambaye TG, Vaccari M, Bonilla-Petriciolet A, Prasad S, van Hullebusch ED, Rtimi S (2021) Emerging technologies for biofuel production: a critical review on recent progress, challenges and perspectives. J Environ Manage 290:112627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112627
Athar M, Zaidi S (2020) A review of the feedstocks, catalysts, and intensification techniques for sustainable biodiesel production. J Environ Chem Eng 8(6):104523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104523
Awogbemi O, Kallon DVV, Aigbodion VS, Mzozoyana V (2022) Property determination, FA composition and NMR characterization of palm oil, used palm oil and their methyl esters. Processes 10(1):11. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10010011
Ayoola AA, Hymore FK, Omonhinmin CA, Olawole OC, Fayomi OSI, Babatunde D, Fagbiele O (2019) Analysis of waste groundnut oil biodiesel production using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Chem Data Coll 22:100238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdc.2019.100238
Bargole SS, Singh PK, George S, Saharan VK (2021) Valorisation of low fatty acid content waste cooking oil into biodiesel through transesterification using a basic heterogeneous calcium-based catalyst. Biomass Bioenerg 146:105984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.105984
Basili M, Rossi MA (2018) Brassica carinata-derived biodiesel production: economics, sustainability and policies. The Italian Case J Clean Prod 191:40–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.306
Basyouny MG, Abukhadra MR, Alkhaledi K, El-Sherbeeny AM, El-Meligy MA, Soliman ATA, Luqman M (2021) Insight into the catalytic transformation of the waste products of some edible oils (corn oil and palm oil) into biodiesel using MgO/clinoptilolite green nanocomposite. Mol Catal 500:111340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111340
Benjumea P, Agudelo J, Agudelo A (2008) Basic properties of palm oil biodiesel–diesel blends. Fuel 87(10–11):2069–2075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.11.004
Bhatia SK, Gurav R, Choi TR, Kim HJ, Yang SY, Song HS, Park JY, Park YL, Han YH, Choi YK, Kim SH, Yoon JJ, Yang YH (2020) Conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel using heterogenous catalyst derived from cork biochar. Bioresource Technol 302:122872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122872
Binhweel F, Hossain MS, Ahmad MI (2022) Recent trends, potentials, and challenges of biodiesel production from discarded animal fats: a comprehensive review. BioEnerg Res 16(2):778–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10527-w
Binhweel F, Pyar H, Senusi W, Shaah MA, Hossain MS, Ahmad MI (2023) Utilization of marine ulva lactuca seaweed and freshwater azolla filiculoides macroalgae feedstocks toward biodiesel production: kinetics, thermodynamics, and optimization studies. Renew Energ 205:717–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.114
Bora P, Boro J, Konwar L, Deka D (2016) Formulation of microemulsion based hybrid biofuel from waste cooking oil–A comparative study with biodiesel. J Energy Inst 89(4):560–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2015.07.001
Buosi GM, Da Silva ET, Spacino K, Silva LRC, Ferreira BAD, Borsato D (2016) Oxidative stability of biodiesel from soybean oil: Comparison between synthetic and natural antioxidants. Fuel 181:759–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.05.056
Canabarro NI, Silva-Ortiz P, Nogueira LAH, Cantarella H, Maciel-Filho R, Souza GM (2023) Sustainability assessment of ethanol and biodiesel production in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Guatemala. Renew Sust Energ Rev 171:113019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.113019
Canakci M, Ozsezen AN, Arcaklioglu E, Erdil A (2009) Prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from waste frying palm oil. Expert Syst Appl 36(5):9268–9280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.12.005
Casoni AI, Gutierrez VS, Volpe MA (2019) Conversion of sunflower seed hulls, waste from edible oil production, into valuable products. J Environ Chem Eng 7(1):102893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.102893
Cavelius P, Engelhart-Straub S, Mehlmer N, Lercher J, Awad D, Brück T (2023) The potential of biofuels from first to fourth generation. PLoS Biol 21(3):e3002063. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002063
Changmai B, Vanlalveni C, Ingle AP, Bhagat R, Rokhum L (2020) Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: A review. RSC Adv 10(68):41625–41679. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07931f
Chen J, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang N, Gao Y, Yu X (2021) The formation, determination and health implications of polar compounds in edible oils: Current status, challenges and perspectives. Food Chem 364:130451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130451
Cheng G, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Lin B, Zhan H, Zhang H (2022) A novel renewable collector from waste fried oil and its application in coal combustion residuals decarbonization. Fuel 323:124388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124388
Chia SR, Nomanbhay S, Ong MY, Shamsuddin AHB, Chew KW, Show PL (2022) Renewable diesel as fossil fuel substitution in Malaysia: A review. Fuel 314:123137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123137
Chozhavendhan S, Vijay PSM, Fransila B, Praveen KR, Karthiga DG (2020) A review on influencing parameters of biodiesel production and purification processes. Curr Res Green Sustain Chem 1–2(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2020.04.002
Chutia S, Gohain M, Borah MJ, Kakoty NM, Deka D (2020) Thermal degradation of Scenedesmus obliquus for biofuel production. Biomass Convers Bior 12(1):5031–5043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00982-w
Cordero-Ravelo V, Schallenberg-Rodriguez J (2018) Biodiesel production as a solution to waste cooking oil (WCO) disposal. Will any type of WCO do for a transesterification process? A Quality Assessment J Environ Manage 228:117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.106
Cristina P, Simenremis N, Andrade R, Roberto P, Matos RD, Paulino L, José M, Sales A, Vasconcelos RD, Lopes V (2020) Ethyl esters obtained from pequi and macaúba oils by transesteri fi cation with homogeneous acid catalysis. Fuel 259:116206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116206
Dhawane SH, Kumar T, Halder G (2018) Recent advancement and prospective of heterogeneous carbonaceous catalysts in chemical and enzymatic transformation of biodiesel. Energ Convers Manage 167:176–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.04.073
Di FS, Massarotti N, Prati MV, Vanoli L (2020) A new example of circular economy: waste vegetable oil for cogeneration in wastewater treatment plants. Energy Convers Manage 211:112763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112763
El-Gendy NS, Abu ASS, Aziz HA (2014a) The optimization of biodiesel production from waste frying sunflower oil using a heterogeneous catalyst. Energ Source Part A 36(15):1615–1625. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2014.890977
El-Gendy NS, Deriase SF, Hamdy A (2014b) The optimization of biodiesel production from waste frying corn oil using snails shells as a catalyst. Energ Source Part A 36(6):623–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2013.822440
Elias S, Rabiu AM, Okeleye BI, Okudoh V, Oyekola O (2020) Bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil. Appl Sci 10(9):3153. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093153
Emebu S, Osaikhuiwuomwan O, Mankonen A, Udoye C, Okieimen C, Janáčová D (2022) Influence of moisture content, temperature, and time on free fatty acid in stored crude palm oil. Sci Rep 12(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13998-1
Farooq M, Ramli A, Subbarao D (2013) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using bifunctional heterogeneous solid catalysts. J Clean Prod 59:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.015
Fonseca JM, Teleken JG, de CAV, da SC, (2019) Biodiesel from waste frying oils: methods of production and purification. Energ Convers Manage 184:205–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.061
Gebremariam SN, Marchetti JM (2018) Economics of biodiesel production: review. Energ Convers Manage 168:74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.002
Ghedini E, Taghavi S, Menegazzo F, Signoretto M (2021) A review on the efficient catalysts for algae transesterification to biodiesel. Sustainability 13(18):10479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810479
Goh BHH, Chong CT, Ge Y, Ong HC, Ng JH, Tian B, Ashokkumar V, Lim S, Seljak T, Józsa V (2020) Progress in utilisation of waste cooking oil for sustainable biodiesel and biojet fuel production. Energ Convers Manage 223:113296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113296
Gonzaga VE, Romero R, Gómez-Espinosa RM, Romero A, Martínez SL, Natividad R (2021) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by a bifunctional catalyst. ACS Omega 6(37):24092–24105. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03586
Gul M, Mujtaba MA, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Zulkifli NWM (2023) Methods for biodiesel production. In: Inamuddin, Ahamed MI, Boddula R, Rezakazemi M (eds) Biodiesel Technology and Applications. Wiley, p 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119724957.ch9
Gülüm M, Bilgin A (2015) Density, flash point and heating value variations of corn oil biodiesel–diesel fuel blends. Fuel Process Technol 134:456–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.02.026
Gupta R, McRoberts R, Yu Z, Smith C, Sloan W, You S (2022) Life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from rapeseed oil: Influence of process parameters and scale. Bioresource Technol 360:127532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127532
Hanif MA, Nisar S, Akhtar MN, Nisar N, Rashid N (2018) Optimized production and advanced assessment of biodiesel: a review. Int J Energ Res 42(6):2070–2083. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3990
Harvey JP, Courchesne W, Vo MD, Oishi K, Robelin C, Mahue U, Leclerc P, Al-Haiek A (2022) Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: a review. MRS Energy Sustain 9(2):212–247. https://doi.org/10.1557/s43581-022-00042-y
Heidari M, Salaudeen S, Dutta A, Acharya B (2018) Effects of process water recycling and particle sizes on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. Energ Fuel 32:11576–11586. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b02684
Hirkude J, Padalkar A (2014a) Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio on performance and emissions of CI engine operated with waste fried oil methyl ester blend. Fuel Process Technol 128:367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.07.026
Hirkude J, Padalkar A (2014b) Performance optimization of CI engine fuelled with waste fried oil methyl ester-diesel blend using response surface methodology. Fuel 119:266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.11.039
Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Nizami AS, Kalogirou SA, Gupta VK, Park YK, Fallahi A, Sulaiman A, Ranjbari M, Rahnama H, Aghbashlo M, Peng W, Tabatabaei M (2022) Environmental life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: a systematic review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 161:112411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112411
Huang Y, Li B, Liu D, Xie X, Zhang H, Sun H, Hu X, Zhang S (2020) Fundamental advances in biomass autothermal/oxidative pyrolysis: a review. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(32):11888–11905. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04196
Jin C, Sun T, Ampah JD, Liu X, Geng Z, Afrane S, Yusuf AA, Liu H (2022) Comparative study on synthetic and biological surfactants’ role in phase behavior and fuel properties of marine heavy fuel oil-low carbon alcohol blends under different temperatures. Renew Energ 195:841–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.06.088
Kaisan MU, Abubakar S, Ashok B, Balasubramanian D, Narayan S, Grujic I, Stojanovic N (2021) Comparative analyses of biodiesel produced from jatropha and neem seed oil using a gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy technique. Biofuels 12(7):757–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1537206
Kayode B, Hart A (2019) An overview of transesterification methods for producing biodiesel from waste vegetable oils. Biofuels 10(3):419–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1306683
Khan HM, Ali CH, Iqbal T, Yasin S, Sulaiman M, Mahmood H, Raashid M, Pasha M, Mu B (2019) Current scenario and potential of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in Pakistan: an overview. Chinese J Chem Eng 27(10):2238–2250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjche.2018.12.010
Khan Z, Javed F, Shamair Z, Hafeez A, Fazal T, Aslam A, Rehman F (2021) Current developments in esterification reaction: a review on process and parameters. J Ind Eng Chem 103:80–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.07.018
Khatiwada D, Palmén C, Silveira S, Palm C (2021) Evaluating the palm oil demand in Indonesia : production trends, yields, and emerging issues. Biofuels 12(2):7269. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1461520
Kirubakaran M, Arul MSV (2018) A comprehensive review of low cost biodiesel production from waste chicken fat. Renew Sust Energ Rev 82:390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.039
Knothe G, Steidley KR (2018) The effect of metals and metal oxides on biodiesel oxidative stability from promotion to inhibition. Fuel Process Technol 177:75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.04.009
Kraiem T, Hassen A, Belayouni H, Jeguirim M (2017) Production and characterization of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of waste frying oil. Environ Sci Pollut R 24:9951–9961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7704-z
Leng L, Chen J, Leng S, Li W, Huang H, Li H, Yuan X, Li J, Zhou W (2019) Surfactant assisted upgrading fuel properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel. J Clean Prod 210:1376–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.027
Li J, Liu J, Sun X, Liu Y (2018) The mathematical prediction model for the oxidative stability of vegetable oils by the main fatty acids composition and thermogravimetric analysis. LWT-Food Sci Technol 96(4):51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.05.003
Ling JSJ, Tan YH, Mubarak NM, Kansedo J, Saptoro A, Nolasco-Hipolito C (2019) A review of heterogeneous calcium oxide based catalyst from waste for biodiesel synthesis. SN Appl Sci 1:810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0843-3
Litinas A, Geivanidis S, Faliakis A, Courouclis Y, Samaras Z, Keder A, Krasnoholovets V, Gandzha I, Zabulonov Y, Puhach O, Dmytriyuk M (2020) Biodiesel production from high ffa feedstocks with a novel chemical multifunctional process intensifier. Biofuel Res J 7(2):1170–1177. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2020.7.2.5
Liu T, Liu Y, Wu S, Xue J, Wu Y, Li Y, Kang X (2018) Restaurants’ behaviour, awareness, and willingness to submit waste cooking oil for biofuel production in Beijing. J Clean Prod 204:636–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.056
Liu J, Lin T, Niu S, Zhu J, Yang Z, Geng J, Zhang H (2024) Transesterification of acidic palm oil using solid waste/CaO as a bifunctional catalyst. Fuel 362:130913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.130913
Luz GVS, Sousa BASM, Guedes AV, Barreto CC, Brasil LM (2018) Biocides used as additives to biodiesels and their risks to the environment and public health: a review. Molecules 23(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102698
Maheshwari P, Haider MB, Yusuf M, Klemeš JJ, Bokhari A, Beg M, Al-Othman A, Kumar R, Jaiswal AK (2022) A review on latest trends in cleaner biodiesel production: Role of feedstock, production methods, and catalysts. J Clean Prod 355:131588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131588
Mahlia TMI, Syazmi ZAHS, Mofijur M, Abas AEP, Bilad MR, Ong HC, Silitonga AS (2020) Patent landscape review on biodiesel production: technology updates. Renew Sust Energ Rev 118:109526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109526
Manaf ISA, Embong NH, Khazaai SNM, Rahim MHA, Yusoff MM, Lee KT, Maniam GP (2019) A review for key challenges of the development of biodiesel industry. Energ Convers Manage 185:508–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.02.019
Mandari V, Devarai SK (2022) Biodiesel production using homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme catalysts via transesterification and esterification reactions: a critical review. BioEnergy Res 15(2):935–961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-021-10333-w
Mansir N, Teo SH, Mijan NA, Taufiq-Yap YH (2021) Efficient reaction for biodiesel manufacturing using bi-functional oxide catalyst. Catal Commun 149:106201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2020.106201
Maroa S, Inambao F (2020) Physicochemical properties of biodiesel. In: Maroa S, Inambao F (eds) Biodiesel, Combustion, Performance and Emissions Characteristics. Green Energy Technol, p 45–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51166-1_5
Mazaheri H, Ong HC, Amini Z, Masjuki HH, Mofijur M, Su CH, Badruddin IA, Yunus KTM (2021) An overview of biodiesel production via calcium oxide based catalysts: current state and perspective. Energies 14(13):1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133950
Mishra VK, Goswami R (2018) A review of production, properties and advantages of biodiesel. Biofuels 9(2):273–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2017.1336350
Mizik T, Gyarmati G (2021) Economic and sustainability of biodiesel production—a systematic literature review. Clean Technol 3(1):19–36. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol3010002
Mohd NCW, Noor MM, Mamat R (2018) Biodiesel as alternative fuel for marine diesel engine applications: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 94:127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.031
Mohiddin MNB, Tan YH, Seow YX, Kansedo J, Mubarak NM, Abdullah MO, Chan YS, Khalid M (2021) Evaluation on feedstock, technologies, catalyst and reactor for sustainable biodiesel production: A review. J Ind Eng Chem 98:60–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.036
Moradi-kheibari N, Ahmadzadeh H, Murry MA, Liang HY, Hosseini M (2019) Fatty acid profiling of biofuels produced from microalgae, vegetable oil, and waste vegetable oil. In: Hosseini M (ed) Advances in Feedstock Conversion Technologies for Alternative Fuels and Bioproducts: New Technologies. Elsevier Inc, Challenges and Opportunities, pp 239–254
Muhammed NM, Shaija A (2022) Performance evaluation of diesel engine using biodiesels from waste coconut, sunflower, and palm cooking oils, and their hybrids. Sustain Energy Techn 53:102681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102681
Mujtaba MA, Muk CH, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Ong HC, Gul M, Harith MH, Yusoff MNAM (2020) Critical review on sesame seed oil and its methyl ester on cold flow and oxidation stability. Energy Rep 6:40–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.160
Nabgan W, Jalil AA, Nabgan B, Jadhav AH, Ikram M, Ul-Hamid A, Ali MW, Hassan NS (2022) Sustainable biodiesel generation through catalytic transesterification of waste sources: a literature review and bibliometric survey. RSC Adv 12(3):1604–1627. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra07338a
Najjar R, Heidari S (2018) Modified diesel prepared by stabilization of water as nanodroplets in diesel/colza oil blend: Study of phase behavior and affecting parameters. Fuel 214:497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.052
Narowska B, Kułażyński M, Łukaszewicz M, Burchacka E (2019) Use of activated carbons as catalyst supports for biodiesel production. Renew Energ 135:176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.11.006
Nayab R, Imran M, Ramzan M, Tariq M, Taj MB, Akhtar MN, Iqbal HMN (2022) Sustainable biodiesel production via catalytic and non-catalytic transesterification of feedstock materials—a review. Fuel 328:125254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125254
Ndiaye M, Arhaliass A, Legrand J, Roelens G, Kerihuel A (2020) Reuse of waste animal fat in biodiesel : Biore fi ning heavily-degraded contaminant-rich waste animal fat and formulation as diesel fuel additive. Renew Energ 145:1073–1079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.030
Nikas A, Koasidis K, Köberle AC, Kourtesi G, Doukas H (2022) A comparative study of biodiesel in Brazil and Argentina: an integrated systems of innovation perspective. Renew Sust Energ Rev 156:112022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.112022
Nisar S, Hanif MA, Rashid U, Hanif A, Akhtar MN, Ngamcharussrivichai C (2021) Trends in widely used catalysts for fatty acid methyl esters (Fame) production: A review. Catalysts 11(9):1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11091085
Nunes PMB, Fraga JL, Ratier RB, Rocha-Leão MHM, Brígida AIS, Fickers P, Amaral PFF (2021) Waste soybean frying oil for the production, extraction, and characterization of cell-wall-associated lipases from Yarrowia lipolytica. Bioproc Biosyst Eng 44(4):809–818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-020-02489-0
Ogunkunle O, Ahmed NA (2020) Exhaust emissions and engine performance analysis of a marine diesel engine fuelledwith Parinari polyandra biodiesel–diesel blends. Energy Rep 6:2999–3007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.10.070
Patel A, Agrawal B, Rawal BR (2020) Environmental effects pyrolysis of biomass for efficient extraction of biofuel. Energ Source Part A 42(13):1649–1661. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1604875
Phan AN, Phan TM (2008) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 87:3490–3496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.008
Phasukarratchai N (2019) Phase behavior and biofuel properties of waste cooking oil-alcohol-diesel blending in microemulsion form. Fuel 243:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.01.003
Rajesh Y, Kolakoti A, Sheakar BC, Bhargavi J (2019) Optimization of biodiesel production from waste frying palm oil using definitive screening design. Int J Eng Sci Technol 11(2):48–57. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v11i2.4
Rehan M, Gardy J, Demirbas A, Rashid U, Budzianowski WM, Pant D, Nizami AS (2018) Waste to biodiesel: a preliminary assessment for Saudi Arabia. Bioresource Technol 250:17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.024
Rodrigues ACC (2021) Policy, regulation, development and future of biodiesel industry in Brazil. Clean Eng Technol 4:100197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100197
Saeed RHS, Kassem Y, Çamur H (2019) Effect of biodiesel mixture derived from waste frying-corn, frying-canola-corn and canola-corn cooking oils with various ages on physicochemical properties. Energies 12(19):3729. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193729
Sahar SS, Iqbal J, Ullah I, Bhatti HN, Nouren S, Habib-ur-Rehman NJ, Iqbal M (2018) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An efficient technique to convert waste into biodiesel. Sustain Cities Soc 41:220–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.05.037
Sakthivel R, Ramesh K, Purnachandran R, Mohamed SP (2018) A review on the properties, performance and emission aspects of the third generation biodiesels. Renew Sust Energ Rev 82(5):2970–2992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.037
Saluja RK, Kumar V, Sham R (2016) Stability of biodiesel—a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 62:866–881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.001
Sánchez-Borrego FJ, Alvarez-Mateos P, García-Martín JF (2021) Biodiesel and other value-added products from bio-oil obtained from agrifood waste. Processes 9(5):797. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050797
Sanli H (2018) An experimental investigation on the usage of waste frying oil-diesel fuel blends with low viscosity in a Common Rail DI-diesel engine. Fuel 222:434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.194
Sanli H, Alptekin E, Canakci M (2022) Using low viscosity micro-emulsification fuels composed of waste frying oil-diesel fuel-higher bio-alcohols in a turbocharged-CRDI diesel engine. Fuel 308:121966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121966
Santos I (2020) Confronting governance challenges of the resource nexus through reflexivity: a cross-case comparison of biofuels policies in Germany and Brazil. Energy Res Soc Sci 65:101464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101464
Saydut A, Kafadar AB, Tonbul Y, Kaya C, Aydin F, Hamamci C (2010) Comparison of the biodiesel quality produced from refined sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) oil and waste cooking oil. Energ Explor Exploit 28(6):499–512. https://doi.org/10.1260/0144-5987.28.6.4
Shakir MA, Ahmad MI, Ramli NK, Yusup Y, Alosaimi AM, Alorfi HS, Rafatullah M (2023a) Review on the influencing factors towards improving properties of composite insulation panel made of natural waste fibers for building application. J Ind Text 53:1–33
Shakir MA, Ahma MI, Yusup Y, Wabaidur SM, Siddiqui MR, Alam M, Rafatullah M (2023b) Effect of fibrillation degree of empty fruit bunch fiber on sandwich composite incorporate with spent mushroom substrate. J Ind Text 53:15280837231153660
Shakir MA, Ahmad MI, Yusup Y, Wabaidur SM, Siddiqui MR, Alam M, Rafatullah M (2023c) Sandwich composite panel from spent mushroom substrate fiber and empty fruit bunch fiber for potential green thermal insulation. Buildings-Basel 13(1):224
Sia CB, Kansedo J, Tan YH, Lee KT (2020) Evaluation on biodiesel cold flow properties, oxidative stability and enhancement strategies: A review. Biocatal Agr Biotech 24:101514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101514
Simsek S, Uslu S (2020) Determination of a diesel engine operating parameters powered with canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil based biodiesel combination using response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel 270:117496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117496
Singh D, Sharma D, Soni SL, Sharma S, Kumar SP, Jhalani A (2020) A review on feedstocks, production processes, and yield for different generations of biodiesel. Fuel 262:116553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116553
Singh A, Prajapati P, Vyas S, Gaur VK, Sindhu R, Binod P, Varjani S (2023) A comprehensive review of feedstocks as sustainable substrates for next-generation biofuels. BioEnerg Res 16(1):105–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10440-2
Singh ST, Verma NT (2018) Impact of tri-fuel on compression ignition engine emissions: blends of waste frying oil–alcohol–diesel. In: Agarwal AK, Anirudh G, Sharma N, Singh AP (eds) Methanol and the Alternate Fuel Economy. Springer, Singapore, p 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3287-6_7
Sohrab HM, Binhweel F, Bahadi M, Pyar H, Alsaedi A, Hossain S, Ahmad MI (2021) A comparative review of some physicochemical properties of biodiesels synthesized from different generations of vegetative oils. J Phys Conf Ser 1900(1):012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1900/1/012009
Suhartini S, Rohma NA, Elviliana SI, Paul R, Listiningrum P, Melville L (2022) Food waste to bioenergy: current status and role in future circular economies in Indonesia. Energy Ecol and Environ 7(4):297–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-022-00248-3
Suzihaque MUH, Alwi H, Kalthum U, Abdullah S, Haron N (2022) Materials today : proceedings biodiesel production from waste cooking oil : A brief review. Mater Today: Proc 63:S490–S495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.527
Syafiuddin A, Chong JH, Yuniarto A, Hadibarata T (2020) The current scenario and challenges of biodiesel production in Asian countries: a review. Bioresour Technol Rep 12:100608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100608
Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Dehhaghi M, Panahi HKS, Mollahosseini A, Hosseini M, Soufiyan MM (2019) Reactor technologies for biodiesel production and processing: a review. Prog Energy Comb 74:239–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2019.06.001
Thangaraj B, Solomon PR, Muniyandi B, Ranganathan S, Lin L (2019) Catalysis in biodiesel production—a review. Clean Energy 3(1):2–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zky020
Thushari I, Babel S (2022) Comparative study of the environmental impacts of used cooking oil valorization options in Thailand. J Environ Manage 310:114810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114810
Tiwari A, Rajesh VM, Yadav S (2018) Biodiesel production in micro-reactors: a review. Energy Sustain Dev 43:143–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2018.01.002
Topi D (2020) Transforming waste vegetable oils to biodiesel, establishing of a waste oil management system in Albania. SN Appl Sci 2(4):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2268-4
Torkzaban S, Feyzi M, Norouzi L (2022) A novel robust CaO/ZnFe2O4 hollow magnetic microspheres heterogenous catalyst for synthesis biodiesel from waste frying sunflower oil. Renew Energ 200:996–1007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.077
Uğuz G, Atabani AE, Mohammed MN, Shobana S, Uğuz S, Kumar G, Al-Muhtaseb AH (2019) Fuel stability of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: a comparative evaluation with various antioxidants using FT-IR and DSC techniques. Biocatal Agr Biotech 21:101283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101283
Yaşar F (2020) Comparision of fuel properties of biodiesel fuels produced from different oils to determine the most suitable feedstock type. Fuel 264:116817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116817
Zulqarnain YMHM, Ayoub M, Jusoh N, Abdullah AZ (2020) The challenges of a biodiesel implementation program in Malaysia. Processes 8(10):1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101244
Zulqarnain AM, Yusoff MHM, Nazir MH, Zahid I, Ameen M, Sher F, Floresyona D, Budi NE (2021) A comprehensive review on oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies. Sustainability 13(2):1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020788
Funding
The authors would like to thank Ministry of Higher Education in Malaysia (grant number FRGS/1/2022/STG05/USM/02/9) for funding this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection and analysis were performed by Wardah Senusi, Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Fozy Binhweel, Ehsan Shalfoh, Sami Alsaedi, and Mohammad Aliff Shakir. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Wardah Senusi, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Senusi, W., Ahmad, M.I., Binhweel, F. et al. Biodiesel production and characteristics from waste frying oils: sources, challenges, and circular economic perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 33239–33258 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33533-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33533-1