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Larval biomass production from the co-digestion of mushroom root waste and soybean curd residues by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.)

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Abstract

People are increasingly using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a sustainable waste management solution. They are high in protein and other essential nutrients, making them an ideal food source for livestock, poultry, and fish. Prior laboratory studies with BSFL developed on pure mushroom root waste (MRW) showed poor conversion efficiency compared to a regular artificial diet. Therefore, we mixed the nutrient-rich soybean curd residues (SCR) with MRW in different ratios (M2–M5). Pure mushroom root waste (M1, MRW 100%) had the lowest survival rate (86.2%), but it increased up to 96.9% with the SCR percentage increasing. M1 had the longest developmental period (31.1 days) and the lowest BSFL weight (7.4 g). However, the addition of SCR reduced the development time to 22.0 and 21.5 days in M4 (MRW 40%, SCR 60%) and M5 (MRW 20%, SCR 80%), respectively, and improved the larval weight to 10.9 g in M4 and 11.8 g in M5. Other groups did not have as much feed conversion ratio (FCR) (8.4 for M4 and M5), bioconversion (M4 5.4%; M5 5.9%), or lipid content (M4 25.2%; M5 24.3%). These mixtures did. Compare this to M1. We observed better results, with no significant differences between the M4 and M5 groups and their parameters. In the present study, our main target was to utilize more MRW. Therefore, we preferred the M4 group in our nutritional and safety investigation and further compared it with the artificial diet (M7). The heavy metals and essential amino acids (histidine 3.6%, methionine 2.7%, and threonine 3.8%) required for human consumption compared to WHO/FAO levels showed satisfactory levels. Furthermore, fatty acids (capric acid 1.9%, palmitic acid 15.3%, oleic acid 17.3%, and arachidonic acid 0.3%) also showed higher levels in M4 than M7. The SEM images and FT-IR spectra from the residues showed that the BSFL in group M4 changed the structure of the compact fiber to crack and remove fibers, which made the co-conversion mixture better.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Major Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (2022hszd013); the Key Technology R&D Program of Hubei Province, China (2021BBA258); and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2018YFD0500203).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China

    Abdul Aziz Soomro, Kashif ur Rehman, Minmin Cai, Longyu Zheng, Ziniu Yu & Jibin Zhang

  2. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council–Arid Zone Research Centre, Umerkot, Pakistan

    Abdul Aziz Soomro

  3. German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL E.V.), Prof.-V.-Klitzing-Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany

    Kashif ur Rehman

  4. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

    Kashif ur Rehman

  5. Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China

    Minmin Cai, Longyu Zheng & Jibin Zhang

  6. Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei Province, China

    Zubair Ahmed Laghari

  7. Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, 70060, Sindh, Pakistan

    Zubair Ahmed Laghari

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  1. Abdul Aziz Soomro
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Contributions

Jibin Zhang and Ziniu Yu conceived and designed the experiments; Abdul Aziz Soomro performed the experiments and wrote the paper; Abdul Aziz Soomro, Minmin Cai, and Zubair Ahmed Laghari analyzed the data and revised the manuscript; Longyu Zheng, Minmin Cai, and Kashif ur Rehman contributed materials/analysis/tools; and Jibin Zhang and Kashif ur Rehman proofread the paper.

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Correspondence to Jibin Zhang.

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This research does not contain any human subject or animals during the experiments and all the experiments are conducted as per guidelines provided by the College of Life Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University China.

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Soomro, A.A., Rehman, K.u., Cai, M. et al. Larval biomass production from the co-digestion of mushroom root waste and soybean curd residues by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 30112–30125 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33173-5

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