Abstract
Textile effluent discharge can negatively impact the environment and living organisms due to its potential toxicity, higher percentages of total organic carbon (TOC) contents, and so on. The study investigates the extraordinary performance of the electrocoagulation process (ECP) combined with powdered activated carbon (PAC) as a highly effective and environmental friendly method of treating textile effluents. This scientific work mainly includes the focus on removing toxic components in textile effluents, such as high concentrations of colour and TOC using synthesized PAC derived from coconut shells coupled with the ECP (ECP–PAC). Initially, PAC was characterized by using XRD, Raman, BET, FTIR, and TGA studies. Subsequently, the pilot-scale ECP–PAC batch reactor was constructed with iron (Fe) as an anode and copper (Cu) as a cathode. The pilot-scale ECP–PAC batch reactor has achieved higher treatment efficiency in a shorter reaction time with low energy consumption compared to a stand-alone ECP. Further, the optimum conditions for effective ECP–PAC have been optimized, such as pH 7.5, applied current density (0–50 mA/cm2), reaction time (0–30 min), electrode combinations (Fe-Cu) with electrode distances of 5 cm apart, and an optimum dose of 5 g/L of PAC. Specifically, 98% of the colour and 96% of the TOC contents present in the industrial textile effluent were treated in 15 and 30 min, respectively. In quantitative perspectives, the developed batch reactor has sharply decreased TOC (324.1 mg/L), IC (1410 mg/L) and TC (1019 mg/L) to 13.55 mg/L (96%), 31.49 mg/L (97%), and 48.05 mg/L (95%), respectively, in 30 min demonstrating its sensitivity and selectivity with the utmost care. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the treated water were convincingly assessed. That is, it remains suitable for the seed germination of mung bean and chlorophyll content study. Thus, the developed methodology could effectively reduce freshwater consumption in the agricultural sector, increase freshwater availability in water-scarce regions, and facilitate the increase of the recharging capacity of groundwater tables.
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Financial support from TANSCHE (File No. RGP/2019–20/BU/HECP-0009) Government of Tamil Nadu, India, and RUSA 2.0 BCTRC Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, is gratefully acknowledged.
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Gowthaman Somasundaram: methodology, investigation, validation, data curation, and writing—original draft; Tamizharasan Thavamani: investigation and data curation; Selvaraju Thangavelu: conceptualization, administration, writing—review and editing, and funding acquisition.
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Somasundaram, G., Thavamani, T. & Thangavelu, S. Integration of sequential electrocoagulation and adsorption for effective removal of colour and total organic carbon in textile effluents and its utilization for seed germination and irrigation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 30716–30734 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33143-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33143-x