Abstract
This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic action of mango seed kernel extract (MKE) and various mechanisms involved in its actions to improve pancreatic β cells and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats. An intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) followed by 30 consecutive days of treatment with MKE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) was used to establish a study group of diabetic rats. Using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) for identification, 26 chemical compounds were found in MKE and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the MKE also revealed the existence of mangiferin, gallic acid, and quercetin. The results confirmed that in each diabetes-affected rat, MKE mitigated the heightened levels of fasting blood glucose, diabetic symptoms, glucose intolerance, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). As demonstrated by a remarkable increment in serum and pancreatic insulin, the diabetic pancreatic β cell function was potentiated by treating with MKE. The effect of MKE on diabetic pancreatic apoptosis clearly reduced the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, which was related to diminished levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Bax and an increase in Bcl-xL protein expression. Furthermore, diabetes-induced liver damage was clearly ameliorated along with a notable reduction in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and abnormal liver histology. By enhancing anti-oxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, MKE alleviated diabetes-induced pancreatic and liver oxidative damage, as demonstrated by diminished levels of malondialdehyde. In minimizing the expression levels of glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1 proteins in the diabetic liver, MKE also enhanced glycogen content and hexokinase activity. Collectively, these findings indicate that by suppressing oxidative and inflammatory processes, MKE exerts a potent anti-hyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats which serve to protect pancreatic β cell apoptosis, enhance their function, and improve hepatic glucose metabolism.
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Data Availability
The data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Nattawut Charoenpon, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University for his assistance in suggestions of the histopathological study. We thank Dr. Nitra Nuengchamnong, Science Laboratory Center, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University for her valuable assistance in conducting of the LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis. We are also grateful for the support of Mr. Kevin Whitford and Mr. Roy L. Morien who assisted with the English content and grammatical expression of this document.
Funding
This work was supported by Naresuan University (NU) and National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) (Grant no. R2565B049 (to W. H.)) and Chiang Mai Rajabhat University (CMRU) and Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) (Grant no. 63A130000029 (to S. W.)).
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Supervision, project administration, conceptualization, methodology: W. H.; funding acquisition: W. H. and S. R.; investigation: W. H., S. Y., N. W., W. R., S. R., and W. S.; validation, visualization, data curation, formal analysis: W. H. and S. Y.; writing—original draft, writing—review and editing: W. H.
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Yoopum, S., Wongmanee, N., Rojanaverawong, W. et al. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel extract suppresses hyperglycemia by modulating pancreatic β cell apoptosis and dysfunction and hepatic glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 123286–123308 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31066-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31066-7