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An extensive review on hybrid electric vehicles powered by fuel cell-enabled hybrid energy storage system

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Abstract

To overcome the air pollution and ill effects of IC engine-based transportation (ICEVs), demand of electric vehicles (EVs) has risen which reduce *gasoline consumption, environment degradation and energy wastage, but barriers—short driving range, higher battery cost and longer charging time—slow down its wide adoptions and commercialization. Although to overcome such issues, EV variants —HEVs and PHEVs—were also brought into the market but not that successful either. The use of ICE in HEVs and PHEVs increases fossil fuel dependency. Thus, the research focus shifted towards fuel cell-powered electric vehicles (FCEVs) which offer negligible emission and higher efficiency than EV variants. Though a moderate research work has been done on FCEVs, still its wide expansion is limited, facing severe challenges commonly related to fuel cost, selection of energy units, power electronic interfacing, component sizing and energy management. This paper presents an extensive exploration on EV variants, their issues, an in-depth comparison of latest topologies for FCEVs and optimum arrangement of HESS, designed by energy unit’s integration, i.e. FC, battery and UCs, to encounter the dynamic power demand and develop a performant model for transportation. In last, progress and possible future research areas are discussed. In short, this paper reveals all contemporary information of FCHEV technology to the scientists and scholars who are working in this particular arena.

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Data availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data sets were generated during the current study.

Abbreviations

\({\upeta }_{\beta }\) :

Unidirectional converter efficacy

\({\upeta }_{\beta \beta }\) :

Bi-directional converter efficacy

PEM:

Proton exchange membrane

\({N}_{UC}\) :

Required no. of UC cell

\({DOD}_{UC}\) :

Depth of UC discharge

\({{E}_{UC}}^{max}\),\({{E}_{UC}}^{max}\) :

Maximum and minimum level of UC energy

\({{M}_{weight}}^{UC}\) – :

Total weight of UC pack

\({m}_{UC}\) :

Weight of single UC cell

\({P}_{UC}\) :

Power of UC

\({Q}_{UC}\) :

Stored charge of UC

\({R}_{UC}\) :

Internal resistance of UC

\({V}_{1}\) :

Open terminal voltage

\({P}_{UC,r}\) :

Raw power

\({{M}_{weight}}^{bat}\) :

Overall weight of battery pack

\({{E}_{bat}}^{max}\),\({{E}_{bat}}^{min}\) :

Maximum and minimum level of battery energy,

\({N}_{bat}\) :

No. of needed battery

\({m}_{bat}\) :

Weight of single battery

\({DOD}_{bat}\) :

Depth of battery discharge

\({P}_{bat}\) :

Battery power

\({D}_{bat}(\%)\) :

Battery degradation performance

a, b, c, d,e:

Fitting constants

T:

Temperature (k)

\({\upeta }_{chg}\),\({\upeta }_{dis}\) :

Charging and discharging efficiency of battery

\({R}_{int}\) :

Equivalent battery resistance

\({V}_{oc}\) :

Open terminal voltage

\({E}_{bat}\) :

Battery cell nominal energy in kWh

\({N}_{tank}\) :

No. of hydrogen tank

\({{M}_{tank}}^{0}\) :

Weight of a single tank

\({m}_{volume}({H}_{2})\) :

Hydrogen density

\({V}_{tank}\) :

Hydrogen tank volume

\({W}_{{H}_{2}}\) :

Weight of hydrogen

\({m}_{{H}_{2}}\) :

Hydrogen mass flow rate

\({M}_{{H}_{2}}\) :

Hydrogen molar mass

F:

Faraday constant

∆t:

Time duration

\({N}_{FC}\) :

No. of used FC

\({m}_{FC}\) :

Weight of single FC cell

\({W}_{stack}\) :

Weight of FC stack

\({W}_{{H}_{2}}\) :

Weight of consumed hydrogen

\({W}_{tank}\) :

Weight of tank

\({W}_{FC}\) :

Total weight of fuel cell system

\({A}_{ch}\) :

Effective are of channel

\({A}_{inlet}\) :

Total cross-sectional area

\({V}_{air}\) :

Air flow velocity

\({a}_{1}\),\({a}_{2}\) :

Empirical parameters

\({C}_{p}\) :

Specific air heat capacity

\({p}_{air,t}\) :

Ambient air density

\({T}_{CA}\) :

Temperature (k)

\({Q}_{forced}\) :

Forced convection

\({A}_{Nat}\) :

Total surface area

\({h}_{Nat}\) :

Natural heat transfer coefficient

\({Q}_{Nat}\) :

Natural convection

\({P}_{loss}\) :

Total heat loss

\({T}_{st}\) :

Stack temperature (k)

\({m}_{st}\) :

Stack mass

\({C}_{st}\) :

Specific heat capacity of stack (J/kg*k)

\({D}_{fan}\) :

Cooling fan duty cycle

\({V}_{valve}\),\({I}_{valve}\) :

Hydrogen valve voltage and current

\({P}_{FCS}\) :

Stack power

\({P}_{FC}\) :

Fuel cell power

\({P}_{valve}\) :

Consumed power of hydrogen

\({P}_{fan}\) :

Consumed power of cooling fan

\({\zeta }_{n}\),β:

Parametric coefficient

\({i}_{fc}\) :

FC operating current (A)

\({P}_{{H}_{2}}\) :

Hydrogen partial pressure in anode side (N \({m}^{-2}\))

\({P}_{{O}_{2}}\) :

Oxygen partial pressure in cathode side(N \({m}^{-2}\))

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all researchers and scientists that contributed directly and indirectly in data collections required for this study.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants or other support was received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India

    Monika Shekhawat & Hari Om Bansal

Authors
  1. Monika Shekhawat
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  2. Hari Om Bansal
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Contributions

Both authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection, investigation, writing—original draft and writing—review and editing were performed by MS. The first draft of the manuscript is written by MS, and Prof. HOB supervised, analysed, edited and commented on the final version of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monika Shekhawat.

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Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Shekhawat, M., Bansal, H.O. An extensive review on hybrid electric vehicles powered by fuel cell-enabled hybrid energy storage system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 119750–119771 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30573-x

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