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The damage caused by Cd toxicity to photosynthesis, cellular ultrastructure, antioxidant metabolism, and gene expression in young cacao plants are mitigated by high Mn doses in soil

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Abstract

Manganese (Mn) is one of the essential mineral micronutrients most demanded by cacao. Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants and other living beings. There are indications that Mn can interact with Cd and mitigate its toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of Mn on the toxic effect of Cd in young plants of the CCN 51 cacao genotype, subjected to different doses of Mn, Cd, and Mn+Cd in soil, through physiological, biochemical, molecular, and micromorphological and ultrastructural changes. High soil Mn doses favored the maintenance and performance of adequate photosynthetic processes in cacao. However, high doses of Cd and Mn+Cd in soil promoted damage to photosynthesis, alterations in oxidative metabolism, and the uptake, transport, and accumulation of Cd in roots and leaves. In addition, high Cd concentrations in roots and leaf tissues caused irreversible damage to the cell ultrastructure, compromising cell function and leading to programmed cell death. However, there was a mitigation of Cd toxicity when cacao was grown in soils with low Cd doses and in the presence of Mn. Thus, damage to the root and leaf tissues of cacao caused by Cd uptake from contaminated soils can be attenuated or mitigated by the presence of high Mn doses in soil.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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This study was funded by a grant from USDA-ARS (NACA 58-8042-8-014F), within an international cooperative agreement with Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC) and FUNPAB, Bahia, Brazil.

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  1. State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil

    Joedson Pinto Barroso, Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida, Junea Leandro do Nascimento, Bruna Rafaela Machado Oliveira, Ivanildes Conceição dos Santos, Pedro Antônio Oliveira Mangabeira & Dário Ahnert

  2. USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville, Beltsville, MD, USA

    Virupax C. Baligar

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  1. Joedson Pinto Barroso
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Conceptualization: Joedson P. Barroso, Alex-Alan F. Almeida, Junea L. Nascimento, Bruna R. M. Oliveira, Ivanildes C. Santos, José O. Souza Júnior, Pedro A. O. Mangabeira, Dário Ahnert, and Virupax Baligar. Methodology: Joedson P. Barroso, Junea L. Nascimento, and Pedro A. O. Mangabeira. Formal analysis and investigation: Joedson P. Barroso and Junea L. Nascimento. Writing and preparation of the original draft: Joedson P. Barroso and Bruna R. M. Oliveira. Writing, reviewing, and editing: Joedson P. Barroso, Alex-Alan F. Almeida, and Bruna R. M. Oliveira. Resources: Joedson P. Barroso, Alex-Alan F. Almeida, Dário Ahnert, and Virupax Baligar. Supervision: Alex-Alan F. Almeida. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida.

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Barroso, J.P., de Almeida, AA.F., do Nascimento, J.L. et al. The damage caused by Cd toxicity to photosynthesis, cellular ultrastructure, antioxidant metabolism, and gene expression in young cacao plants are mitigated by high Mn doses in soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 115646–115665 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30561-1

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