Abstract
Electrodialysis desalination uses ion exchange membranes, membrane spacers, and conductors to remove salt from water. Membrane spacers, made of polymeric strands, reduce concentration polarization. These spacers have properties such as porosity and filament shape that affect their performance. One important property is the spacer-bulk attack angle. This study systematically reviews the characteristics of a 45° attack angle of spacers and its effects on concentration polarization and fluid dynamics. Membrane spacers in a channel create distinct flow fields and concentration profiles. When set at a 45° attack angle, spacers provide greater turbulence and mass-heat transfer than traditional spacers. This is because both the transverse and longitudinal filaments become diagonal in relation to the bulk flow direction. A lower attack angle (<45°) results in a lower pressure drop coupled with a decline in wakes and stream disruption because when the filaments are more parallel to the primary fluid direction, the poorer their affect. This research concludes that membrane spacers with a 45° spacer-bulk attack angle function optimally compared to other angles.
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This research work is financially supported by the Flagship Research Grant with the RDU number PDU213003-3 which is awarded by Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Malaysia. This research is also financially supported by the Product Development Grant (PDU) with the number PDU223210, which is awarded by Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Malaysia.
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Conceptualization, drafting, reviewing, and editing were handled by Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee, while Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus handled supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition.
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Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus reports financial support was provided by Universiti Malaysia Pahang. Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee reports a relationship with University Malaysia Pahang that includes employment. Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee is the recipient of Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Research.
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Al-Amshawee, S.K.A., Yunus, M.Y.B.M. Electrodialysis membrane desalination with diagonal membrane spacers: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28727-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28727-y