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Potential of novel dual Z-scheme carbon quantum dots decorated MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 heterojunction for environmental applications

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Abstract

In this work, CQDs decorated MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 heterojunction was prepared successfully by hydrothermal technique for photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and mineralization of methyl orange (MO) dye. The charge transferal route and mineralization process in CQDs-MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 heterojunction were comprehensively investigated by advanced spectroscopic techniques. The improved visible-light activity and enhanced photo-generated charge transferal efficacy caused dual Z-scheme CQDs-MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 heterojunction to achieve boosted photodegradation ability. The catalytic degradation trend was followed as CQDs-MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 > MnIn2S4 > CdS > Bi2S3. The dye was mineralized within 180 min under visible light irradiation. The effect of reaction parameters, pH effect, catalyst dosage, and H2O2 addition on MO degradation was also investigated. The degradation rate was maximal at pH 4 with a pseudo-first-order rate constant, 0.0438 min−1. The assessment of antibacterial properties revealed that CQDs-MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 composite effectively inactivated E. coli under visible light. Scavenging experiments, transient photocurrent response, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy suggested that •\({\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{-}\) and holes were the dominant reactive species. The Z-scheme heterojunction is recyclable up to ten photocatalytic cycles according to recycling experiments. This research indicates the importance of dual Z-scheme CQDs decorated MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 heterojunction in wastewater remediation.

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Scheme 1
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Reproduced from Ref. Sharma et al. (2022); license no. 5479281264174

Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Reproduced from Ref. Sharma et al. (2022); license no. 5479281264174. Mott-Schottky (M-S) plot of synthesized g MnIn2S4, h CdS, and i Bi2S3 photocatalysts

Fig. 6
Fig. 7
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Fig. 9

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Data availability

Upon request, the authors should be prepared to send relevant documentation references.

Abbreviations

AOPs:

Advanced oxidation processes

A :

Absorption coefficient

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

CdS:

Cadmium sulfide

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CQDs:

Carbon quantum dots

CFUs:

Colony forming units

\({C}_{0}\) :

Starting concentration

\({C}_{t}\) :

Immediate concentration

CB:

Conduction band

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

EDX:

Energy dispersive X-ray

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

eV:

Electron volt

e − :

Electron

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron spectroscopy

FAS:

Ferrous ammonium sulfate

FT-IR:

Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy

h + :

Hole

h :

Planck’s constant

HRTEM:

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

•OH:

Hydroxyl radical

K2Cr2O7 :

Potassium dichromate

MO:

Methyl orange

MnIn2S4 :

Manganese indium sulfide

MB:

Methylene blue

NB:

Nutrient Broth

NHE:

Normal hydrogen electrode

n :

Type of transition in semiconductors

NIR:

Nearinfrared

•O2 :

Oxygen radical

PL:

Photoluminescence

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

rpm:

Revolutions per minute

RT:

Room temperature

UCPL:

Up-conversion photoluminescence

VB:

Valence band

W:

Watt

XRD:

X-ray diffraction spectroscopy

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

α :

Diffuse reflection absorption

\({E}_{\mathrm{g}}\) :

Bandgap

\(\nu\) :

Optical frequency

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Funding

The authors thank the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R6), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Advanced Chemical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India

    Sheetal Sharma,  Sonu, Anita Sudhaik, Pankaj Raizada & Pardeep Singh

  2. Department of Chemistry, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India

    Sheetal Sharma

  3. Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia

    Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan

  4. Department of Biotechnology, MMEC and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana, Ambala, HR, 133207, India

    Adesh K. Saini & Divya Mittal

  5. Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kanchipuram District, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India

    Van-Huy Nguyen

  6. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anamro Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, South Korea

    Quyet Van Le

  7. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Tansir Ahamad

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  1. Sheetal Sharma
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  2. Sonu
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Contributions

Sheetal Sharma: writing—original draft. Sonu: data curation. Anita Sudhaik: formal analysis. Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan: writing—review and editing. Adesh K. Saini: methodology. Divya Mittal: investigation. Van-Huy Nguyen: visualization. Quyet Van Le: resources. Tansir Ahamad: writing—review and editing. Pankaj Raizada: supervision. Pardeep Singh: resources, supervision, and writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan.

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Sharma, S., Sonu, Sudhaik, A. et al. Potential of novel dual Z-scheme carbon quantum dots decorated MnIn2S4/CdS/Bi2S3 heterojunction for environmental applications. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 77622–77641 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27591-0

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