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An eco-friendly cellulose support functionalized with tin titanate nanoparticles for the fast removal of clonazepam drug from the drinking water: adsorption mechanisms

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Abstract

This research studied the performance of tin titanate (SnTiO3, SnT) and cellulose-based composites for the removal of clonazepam (CZP) drug by physical adsorption. The cellulose was extracted from a plant named tithonia tubaeformis, which is considered as weed in the crop fields of Mexico. The analysis by microscopy revealed that the SnTiO3 powders are formed by a mixture of coalesced grains and nanotubes with lengths in the range of 97–633 nm. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the SnT powders present a mixture of cassiterite and rutile phases. Experiments for the CZP removal from drinking water were carried out, and several parameters such as initial drug concentration (1–10 mg/L), amount of SnT adsorbent per liter of contaminated solution (10–50 mg/L), and pH (3–10) were varied in order to study their influence on the CZP removal percentage. Essentially, we found that the SnT dosage of 50 mg/L produced the most efficient and fastest CZP removal, since 94.3% of CZP was removed after only 10 min of reaction. Moreover, a piece of cellulose (Cell) was decorated with 50 mg of SnT powder to form the Cell+SnT composite, and this was able to remove a maximum of 80.5% of CZP after 180 min of reaction. If the amount of SnT powder deposited on the Cell+SnT composite is raised up to 100 mg, the composite can remove 95.5% of CZP. The adsorption capacity was also calculated for the SnT powders and Cell+SnT composite and found that it was 6.3 times higher for the SnT powders. Furthermore, the Raman spectra recorded for the Cell+SnT composites demonstrated the presence of surface defects, which acted as adsorption centers for the CZP molecules. The results of this investigation demonstrate that eco-friendly and low-cost floatable composites can be used for the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants, which is an advantage over adsorbent powders.

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Acknowledgements

E. Valadez-Renteria acknowledges to CONACYT for the PhD scholarship. The authors appreciate the technical support from A. Peña, I. Becerril, and B. Rivera for the SEM, Raman, and XRD measurements at LINAN IPICYT. J. Oliva thanks to the Marcos Moshinsky Fundation and to the Institute of Physics at UNAM for the financial support.

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This study is funded by the INVESTIGADORES POR MEXICO program.

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  1. CONACyT-División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A. C., 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México

    Ernesto Valadez-Renteria, Jorge Oliva, Nayeli Navarro-Garcia & Vicente Rodriguez-Gonzalez

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  1. Ernesto Valadez-Renteria
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  2. Jorge Oliva
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Ernesto Valadez-Renteria: methodology, formal analysis, investigation, and writing

Jorge Oliva: conceptualization and writing—original draft preparation

Nayeli Navarro-García: methodology

Vicente Rodríguez-González: formal analysis. All the authors read and approved this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jorge Oliva.

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Valadez-Renteria, E., Oliva, J., Navarro-Garcia, N. et al. An eco-friendly cellulose support functionalized with tin titanate nanoparticles for the fast removal of clonazepam drug from the drinking water: adsorption mechanisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 58156–58168 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26669-z

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