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Application of Cellulose-Based Materials as Water Purification Filters; A State-of-the-Art Review

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Abstract

Water scarcity, identified as the most serious global risk by the World Economic Forum, poses significant challenges due to its potential impact over the next decade. This study focuses on addressing the pressing issues of water scarcity and water quality through the use of cellulose-based materials for manufacturing water filters. Industrial wastewater containing dyes and heavy metal ions is a major contributor to water pollution, affecting underground water sources. Copper, mercury, chromium, lead, and tin are among the most common and environmentally damaging heavy metal ions due to their high toxicity, low biodegradability, and persistence in the food chain. Water purification processes are crucial for ensuring safe consumption. Bio-compatible and renewable materials have gained attention for water treatment applications in recent years. Cellulose-based materials, such as cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), possess unique characteristics including biodegradability, suitable aspect ratio, thermal stability, high strength, stiffness, renewability, and accessibility. This research aims to review the utilization of cellulose-based materials, particularly modified CNC and CNF aerogels, for manufacturing water filters. These materials exhibit high porosity, large specific surface area, and functional groups on their surfaces, making them promising adsorbents for removing water pollutants such as heavy metals, organic dyes, pharmaceutical waste, and oils. Our study demonstrates that modified CNFs and CNCs have shown an exceptional absorption capacity of approximately 98% for heavy metals. By focusing on the specific application of cellulose-based materials for water filtration, this research contributes to the development of effective and sustainable solutions for water purification, addressing the critical challenges posed by water scarcity and pollution.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

© 2016, American Chemical Society. The SEM images of c unmodified and d modified aerogels; and the BET measurement of aerogels. Adapted with permission [173]

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Data Availability

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.

Abbreviations

TOCNFs:

TEMPO-mediated oxidized cellulose nanofibers

TMPTAP:

Trimethylolpropane-tris-(2-methyl-1-aziridine) propionate

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine; CNWs: cellulose nanowhiskers

ZIF-67:

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-67

PVAm:

Amphoteric polyvinylamine

TEOS:

Tetraethyl orthosilicate

CN:

Cellulose nanomaterial

CNF:

Cellulose nanofiber

CNC:

Cellulose nanocrystal

BNC:

Bacterial nanocellulose

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

MAA-MA:

Poly (methacylic acid-co-maleic acid)

UF:

Ultrafiltration

MF:

Microfiltration

NF:

Nanofiltration

RO:

Reverse osmosis

SSFs:

Slow sand filters

RSF:

Rapid sand filter

PES:

Polyethersulfone

APTES:

(3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane

PAMAM-g-CNFs:

Poly (amidoamine)-grafted CNFs

PDA:

Polydopamine

CS:

Chitosan

(CA NFs):

Cellulose acetate nanofibers

MB:

Methylene blue

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene fluoride

CR:

Congo red

CTAB:

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

GO:

Graphen oxid

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

[P(IA/MAA)-g-NC/NB]:

Poly(itaconic acid/methacrylic acid)-grafted-nanocellulose/nanobentonite

PAE:

Polyamideamine-epichlorohydrin

HDTMS:

Hexadecyltrimethoxylan

Cu:

Copper

Hg:

Mercury

Cr:

Chromium

Pb:

Plumbum

Sn:

Stannum

NTU:

Nephelometric turbidity unit

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 2, 56122, Pisa, Italy

    Bahareh Azimi

  2. Department of Bio Systems, Faculty of New Technologies and Aerospace Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Zirab Campus, Tehran, Iran

    Sima Sepahvand

  3. Department of Wood and Paper Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

    Saeed Ismaeilimoghadam & Mehdi Jonoobi

  4. Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363, Łodź, Poland

    Hanieh Kargarzadeh

  5. Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran

    Alireza Ashori

  6. Interuniversity National Consortiums of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), 50121, Florence, Italy

    Serena Danti

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  1. Bahareh Azimi
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  2. Sima Sepahvand
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  3. Saeed Ismaeilimoghadam
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  4. Hanieh Kargarzadeh
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  5. Alireza Ashori
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  6. Mehdi Jonoobi
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  7. Serena Danti
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Contributions

BA: Investigation, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Writing-Original draft preparation, Visualization, Validation, SS: Investigation, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Writing-Original draft preparation, Visualization, Validation. SI: Conceptualization, Validation, Resources. HK: Conceptualization, Investigation, Validation, Resources. AA: Validation, Methodology, Writing—Review & Editing. MJ: Conceptualization, Supervision, Methodology, Validation, Review & Editing. SD: Validation, Methodology, Supervision, Resources. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alireza Ashori or Mehdi Jonoobi.

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Azimi, B., Sepahvand, S., Ismaeilimoghadam, S. et al. Application of Cellulose-Based Materials as Water Purification Filters; A State-of-the-Art Review. J Polym Environ 32, 345–366 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-023-02989-6

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