Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Remarkable photocatalytic performances towards pollutant degradation under sunlight and enhanced electrochemical properties of TiO2/polymer nanohybrids

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, TiO2-based nanocomposites containing polyaniline (PANI), poly(1-naphthylamine) (PNA), and polyindole (PIN) were synthesized by effective and simple routes and posteriorly employed as photocatalysts and supercapacitors. Characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, UV, and PL were employed to investigate the structural, morphological, and optical properties of materials. XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of TiO2 and TiO2/polymer nanocomposites. PANI, PNA, and PIN polymers were well distributed on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles and were investigated/explored from the FESEM analysis. The visible light absorption and the recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers were confirmed by the UV–Vis and PL analysis. The photocatalytic properties of the nanocomposites were investigated towards malachite green (MG) dye degradation under sunlight. The dye degradation efficiency followed the order TiO2/PNA > TiO2/PANI > TiO2 > TiO2/PIN. The higher efficiency of TiO2/PNA can be associated with its smaller bandgap energy compared to the other materials. Electrochemical properties of materials were also examined by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements using a three-electrode experiment setup in an aqueous electrolyte. TiO2/PNA nanocomposite showed higher supercapacitor behavior compared to the other materials due to higher electrical conductivity of PNA and redox potential of TiO2 (pseudocapacitance).

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Ahmed T, Imdad S, Yaldram K, Butt NM, Pervez A (2014) Emerging nanotechnology-based methods for water purification: a review. Desalin Water Treat 52:4089–4101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alammar T, Birkner A, Shekhah O, Mudring AV (2010) Sonochemical preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles in the ionic liquid 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide. Mater Chem Phys 120:109–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali T, Tripathi P, Azam A, Raza W, Ahmed AS, Ahmed A, Muneer M (2017) Photocatalytic performance of Fe-doped TiO2 nanoparticles under visible-light irradiation. Mater Res Expr 4:015022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ameen S, Akhtar MS, Kim YS, Shin HS (2011) Nanocomposites of poly (1-naphthylamine)/SiO2 and poly (1-naphthylamine)/TiO2: comparative photocatalytic activity evaluation towards methylene blue dye. Appl Catal b: Environ 103:136–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ameen S, Akhtar MS, Kim YS, Yang OB, Shin HS (2010) Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(1-naphthylamine)/zinc oxide nanocomposites: application in catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye. Coll Polym Sci 288:1633–1638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amorim SM, Steffen G, de Junior SJMN, Brusamarello CZ, Romio AP, Domenico MD (2021) Synthesis, characterization, and application of polypyrrole/TiO2 composites in photocatalytic processes: a review. Polym Polym Compos 29:1055–1074

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjitha T, Anilkumar T, Mathew G, Ramesan MT (2019) Zinc ferrite@polyindole nanocomposites: synthesis, characterization and gas sensing applications. Polym Compos 40:2802–2811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari MO, Khan MM, Ansari SA, Lee J, Cho MH (2014) Enhanced thermoelectric behaviour and visible light activity of Ag@TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite synthesized by biogenic-chemical route. RSC Adv 4:23713–23719

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arami H, Mazloumi M, Khalifehzadeh R, Sadrnezhaad SK (2007) Sonochemical preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Mater Lett 61:4559–4561

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armelao L, Barreca D, Bottaro G, Gasparotto A, Maccato C, Maragno C, Mahne D (2007) Photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of TiO2 and Au/TiO2 nanosystems. Nanotechnol 18:375709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azman NHN, Nazir MS, Ngee LH, Sulaiman Y (2018) Graphene-based ternary composites for supercapacitors. Int J Energy Res 42:2104–2116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayda S, Adeel M, Tuccinardi T, Cordani M, Rizzolio F (2019) The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology: from chemical–physical applications to nanomedicine. Molecules 25:112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biczak R, Pawłowska B, Bałczewski P, Rychter P (2014) The role of the anion in the toxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids. J Hazard Mater 274:181–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceretta MB, Vieira Y, Wolskia EA, Foletto EL, Silvestri S (2020) Biological degradation coupled to photocatalysis by ZnO/polypyrrole composite for the treatment of real textile wastewater. J Water Proc Eng 35:101230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan R, Kumar A, Chaudhary RP (2012) Structural and photocatalytic studies of Mn doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc 98:256–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa MBG, Juárez JM, Martínez ML, Cussa J, Anunziata AO (2012) Synthesis and characterization of a novel composite: polyindole included in nanostructured Al-MCM-41 material. Micropor Mesopor Mater 153:191–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devi LG, Kavitha RJMC (2014) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of sulfur doped TiO2 for the decomposition of phenol: a new insight into the bulk and surface modification. Mater Chem Phys 143:1300–1308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey RS, Krishnamurthy KV, Singh S (2019) Experimental studies of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel and solvothermal routes for DSSCs application. Res Phys 14:102390

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekande OS, Kumar M (2021) Review on polyaniline as reductive photocatalyst for the construction of the visible light active heterojunction for the generation of reactive oxygen species. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Hossary FM, Ghitas A, El-Rahman AM, Ebnalwaled AA, Shahat MA, Fawey MH (2020) Effect of UV-activated TiO2 nanoparticles on the properties and performance of Pani-TiO2 nanocomposite films for solar cell applications. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 956:012015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesh I, Gupta AK, Kumar PP, Sekhar PSC, Radha K, Padmanabham G, Sundararajan G (2012) Preparation and characterization of Ni-doped TiO2 materials for photocurrent and photocatalytic applications. Sci World J 2012:127326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georgin J, Marques BS, Salla JS, Foletto EL, Allasia D, Dotto GL (2018) Removal of Procion Red dye from colored effluents using H2SO4-/HNO3-treated avocado shells (Persea americana) as adsorbent. Environ Sci Poll Res 25:6429–6442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta K, Singh RP, Pandey A, Pandey A (2013) Photocatalytic antibacterial performance of TiO2 and Ag-doped TiO2 against S. aureus. P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 4:345–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Handore K, Walunj D, Chhattise P, Chabukswar A, Mohite K, Dallavalle S, Chabukswar V (2017) Ultrasound synthesis of polyindole–TiO2 nanocomposite and evaluation of antibacterial activity. Polym Plast Technol Eng 56:1259–1266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornyak GL, Rao AK (2016) Fundamentals of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In: Nanoscience in dermatology. Academic Press, pp 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802926-8.00002-1

  • Hu Y, Song X, Jiang S, Wei C (2015) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Pt-doped TiO2 for NOx oxidation both under UV and visible light irradiation: a synergistic effect of lattice Pt4+ and surface PtO. Chem Eng J 274:102–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jahdi M, Mishra SB, Nxumalo EN, Mhlanga SD, Mishra AK (2020) Mechanistic pathways for the degradation of SMX drug and floatation of degraded products using F-Pt co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts. RSC Adv 10:27662–27675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvin M, Kumar SA, Vinodhkumar G, Manikandan E, Inbanathan SSR (2021) Enhanced photocatalytic performance of Hausmannite Mn3O4-rGO nanocomposite in degrading methylene blue. Mater Lett 305:130750

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jena A, Vinu R, Shivashankar SA, Madras G (2010) Microwave assisted synthesis of nanostructured titanium dioxide with high photocatalytic activity. Ind Eng Chem Res 49:9636–9643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jing L, Yang ZY, Zhao YF, Zhang YX, Guo X, Yan YM, Sun KN (2014) Ternary polyaniline–graphene–TiO2 hybrid with enhanced activity for visible-light photo-electrocatalytic water oxidation. J Mater Chem A 2:1068–1075

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kantheti P, Alapati P (2018) Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using Ocimum basilicum extract and its characterization. Int J Chem Stud 6:670–674

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan TT, Bari GAR, Kang HJ, Lee TG, Park JW, Hwang HJ, Jun YS (2021) Synthesis of N-doped TiO2 for efficient photocatalytic degradation of atmospheric NOx. Catalysts 11:109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirthi AV, Rahuman AA, Rajakumar G, Marimuthu S, Santhoshkumar T, Jayaseelan C, Bagavan A (2011) Biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Mater Lett 65:2745–2747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Pandey G (2018) Comparative photocatalytic degradation of rose bengal dye under visible light by TiO2, TiO2/PANI and TiO2/PANI/GO nanocomposites. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol 6:339–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lakshmi G, Gopinathan C, Deborrah SPM, Daniel T (2017) Estimation and prediction of global solar radiation at selected cities in Tamil Nadu, India. J Adv Phy Sci 1:13–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Leichtweis J, Silvestri S, Vieira Y, Burgo TAL, Foletto EL (2021) A novel tin ferrite/polymer composite use in photo-Fenton reactions. Int J Environ Sci Technol 18:1537–1548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu K, He Q, Chen L, Ai B, Xiong J (2015) The comparative PDT experiment of the inactivation of HL60 on modified TiO2 nanoparticles. J Nanomater 2015:540247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maharana B, Ratha S, Shajahan AS, Chakraborty B, Jha R, Chatterjee S (2021) High charge-storage performance of morphologically modified anatase TiO2: experimental and theoretical insight. Phys Rev Appl 15:034013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra M, Ahamed ST, Ghosh A, Mondal A, Kargupta K, Ganguly S, Banerjee D (2019) Polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide composite-enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity for the degradation of organic dyes. ACS Omega 4:1623–1635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mudila H, Prasher P, Kumar M, Kumar A, Zaidi MGH, Kumar A (2019) Critical analysis of polyindole and its composites in supercapacitor application. Mater Renew Sustain Energy 8:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nabi G, Raza W, Tahir MB (2020) Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticle using cinnamon powder extract and the study of optical properties. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 30:1425–1429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niu P, Wu G, Chen P, Zheng H, Cao Q, Jiang H (2020) Optimization of boron doped TiO2 as an efficient visible light-driven photocatalyst for organic dye degradation with high reusability. Front Chem 8:172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patidar V, Jain P (2017) Green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticle using Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Int Res J Eng Technol 4:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Pushpamalini T, Keerthana M, Sangavi R, Nagaraj A, Kamaraj P (2021) Comparative analysis of green synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using four different leaf extract. Mater Today: Proc 40:180–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajakumar G, Rahuman AA, Roopan SM, Khanna VG, Elango G, Kamaraj C, Velayutham K (2012) Fungus-mediated biosynthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticles and their activity against pathogenic bacteria. Spectrochim Acta A: Mol Biomol Spectrosc 91:23–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riaz U, Ahmad S, Ashraf SM (2008a) Effect of dopant on the nanostructured morphology of poly (1-naphthylamine) synthesized by template free method. Nanoscale Res Lett 3:45–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riaz U, Ashraf SM, Budhiraja V, Aleem S, Kashyap J (2016) Comparative studies of the photocatalytic and microwave–assisted degradation of alizarin red using ZnO/poly(1-naphthylamine) nanohybrids. J Mol Liq 216:259–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riaz U, Ashraf SM (2012) Latent photocatalytic behavior of semi-conducting poly(1-naphthylamine) nanotubes in the degradation of Comassie Brilliant Blue RG-250. Sep Purif Technol 95:97–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riaz U, Khan S, Islam MN, Ahmad S, Ashraf SM (2008b) Evaluation of antibacterial activity of nanostructured poly(1-naphthylamine) and its composites. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 19:1535–1546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha S, Chaudhary N, Kumar A, Khanuja M (2020) Polymeric nanostructures for photocatalytic dye degradation: polyaniline for photocatalysis. SN Appl Sci 2:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saidu FK, Joseph A, Varghese EV, Thomas GV (2019) Characterization and electrochemical studies on poly (1-naphthylamine)-graphene oxide nanocomposites prepared by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. J Solid State Electrochem 23:2897–2906

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salomón YLO, Georgin J, Franco DSP, Netto MS, Piccilli DGA, Foletto EL, Oliveira LFS, Dotto GL (2021) High-performance removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide in water using activated carbon derived from Queen palm fruit endocarp (Syagrus romanzoffiana). J Environ Chem Eng 9:104911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sankapal BR, Gajare HB, Dubal DP, Gore RB, Salunkhe RR, Ahn H (2014) Presenting highest supercapacitance for TiO2/MWNTs nanocomposites: Novel method. Chem Eng J 247:103–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar D, Mukherjee S, Chattopadhyay KK (2013) Synthesis, characterization and high natural sunlight photocatalytic performance of cobalt doped TiO2 nanofibers. Phys E: Low-Dimens Syst Nanostruct 50:37–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakar M, Prakash RM, Do TO (2019) Insights into the TiO2-based photocatalytic systems and their mechanisms. Catalysts 9:680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasikumar M, Subiramaniyam NP (2018) Microstructure, electrical and humidity sensing properties of TiO2/polyaniline nanocomposite films prepared by sol–gel spin coating technique. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 29:7099–7106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh AK, Nakate UT (2013) Photocatalytic properties of microwave-synthesized TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles using malachite green dye. J Nanopart 2013:310809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sofyan N, Ridhova A, Yuwono AH, Udhiarto A (2018) Preparation of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles using low hydrothermal temperature for dye-sensitized solar cell. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 316:012055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinfeld B, Scott J, Vilander G, Marx L, Quirk M, Lindberg J, Koerner K (2015) The role of lean process improvement in implementation of evidence-based practices in behavioral health care. J Behav Health Serv Res 42:504–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suwarnkar MB, Dhabbe RS, Kadam AN, Garadkar KM (2014) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Ag doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by a microwave assisted method. Ceram Int 40:5489–5496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur BK, Kumar A, Kumar D (2019) Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica leaf extract and evaluation of their antibacterial activity. S Afr J Bot 124:223–227

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi AK, Mathpal MC, Kumar P, Singh MK, Mishra SK, Srivastava RK, Agarwal A (2014) Synthesis based structural and optical behavior of anatase TiO2 nanoparticles. Mater Sci Semicond Proc 23:136–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Zhu D, Shen Z, Peng J, Luo J, Liu X (2016) One-pot hydrothermal route to synthesize the Bi-doped anatase TiO2 hollow thin sheets with prior facet exposed for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Ind Eng Chem Res 55:6373–6383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen B, Waterhouse GI, Jia MY, Jiang XH, Zhang ZM, Yu LM (2019) The feasibility of polyaniline-TiO2 coatings for photocathodic antifouling: antibacterial effect. Synth Met 257:116175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu RJ, Liu YS, Lai HF, Wang JH, Chavali M (2014) Promotion effect of Pd on TiO2 for visible light photocatalytic degradation of gaseous formaldehyde. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14:6792–6799

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang C, Dong W, Cui G, Zhao Y, Shi X, Xia X, Wang W (2017) Enhanced photocatalytic activity of PANI/TiO2 due to their photosensitization-synergetic effect. Electrochim Acta 247:486–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Ni D, Yao Y, Zhong Y, Ma Y, Yao J (2015) High photocatalytic activity of carbon doped TiO2 prepared by fast combustion of organic capping ligands. RSC Adv 5:93635–93643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Z, Du G, Meng Q, Guo Z, Yu X, Chen Z, Zeng R (2012) Synthesis of uniform TiO2@carbon composite nanofibers as anode for lithium ions batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance. J Mater Chem 22:5848–5854

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu X, Pathakoti K, Hwang HM (2019) Green synthesis of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles and their usage for antimicrobial applications and environmental remediation. In: Green synthesis, characterization and applications of nanoparticles. Micro Nano Technol, pp 223–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102579-6.00010-1

Download references

Acknowledgements

S.S.R. Inbanathan wishes to thank UGC-DAE-CSR, Indore Center (India). E.L. Foletto and G.L. Dotto would like to thank CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil). The Brazilian authors would like to thank CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) and CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) for the financial support.

Funding

This work was supported by UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research Indore Center grant Ref: CSR IC -236/2017–18/1317 (Dated: March 31, 2018).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Post Graduate and Research Department of Physics, The American College, Madurai, 625002, Tamil Nadu, India

    Mariadhas Jarvin, Maniveldoss Beaula Ruby Kamalam & Savariroyan Stephen Rajkumar Inbanathan

  2. Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Lady Doak College, Madurai, 625002, Tamil Nadu, India

    Daniel Rani Rosaline

  3. Department of Physics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India

    Thamizharasan Gopalakrishnan

  4. Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil

    Edson Luiz Foletto & Guilherme Luiz Dotto

Authors
  1. Mariadhas Jarvin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel Rani Rosaline
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thamizharasan Gopalakrishnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Maniveldoss Beaula Ruby Kamalam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Edson Luiz Foletto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Guilherme Luiz Dotto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Savariroyan Stephen Rajkumar Inbanathan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization, M. Jarvin; methodology, G. Thamizharasan, D. R. Rosaline; formal analysis and investigation, M. B. R. Kamalam, G. Thamizharasan, D. R. Rosaline; writing—original draft preparation, M. Jarvin, S. S. R. Inbanathan; writing—review and editing, G. L. Dotto, E. L. Foletto; funding acquisition, S. S. R. Inbanathan; supervision, S. S. R. Inbanathan. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guilherme Luiz Dotto.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 100 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jarvin, M., Rosaline, D.R., Gopalakrishnan, T. et al. Remarkable photocatalytic performances towards pollutant degradation under sunlight and enhanced electrochemical properties of TiO2/polymer nanohybrids. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 62832–62846 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26486-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26486-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation