Abstract
The degradation of formaldehyde in a photo-Fenton reaction was studied using n-ZVI/TiO2 as the catalyst. The effects of %n-ZVI loading, catalyst dosage, H2O2, and pH on formaldehyde degradation were studied. The n-ZVI/TiO2 catalysts were prepared by impregnation with chemical reduction, and their catalytic activity was evaluated in a batch reactor under UVC light. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine that the n-ZVI nanoparticle size was 39.41 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to study the oxidation states of 2%n‑ZVI/TiO2, and the Fe 2p spectrum of 2%n-ZVI/TiO2 indicated the presence of Fe0. The optimal conditions for the complete removal of formaldehyde within 30 min were an n-ZVI loading of 2 wt.%, a catalyst dosage of 0.5 g/L, 30 mM H2O2, and an initial pH of 3. After the reaction, the C–H functional group of formaldehyde was not observed due to the •OH radicals generated by Fe0 and H2O2 attacking the formaldehyde molecule. Moreover, no Fe leaching was observed, presenting an advantage compared with homogeneous Fe catalysts. Therefore, 2%n‑ZVI/TiO2 shows excellent potential as a photo-Fenton catalyst for the environmentally friendly degradation of formaldehyde.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Research on Development of Novel Technologies for Safe Agriculture at the Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University supported by the Fundamental Fund 2022 (the National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF), Thailand). The authors would like to thank the Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization), Thailand for their invaluable support in terms of facilities and scientific equipment.
Funding
This work has been funded by Research Fund of the Faculty of Engineering at Khon Kaen University under the Research Scholarship for Ph.D. Students (contract no. Ph.D-004/2564).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Pakpoom Athikaphan, Kunlanut Wongsanga, Sittisak Klanghiran, Sutasinee Neramittagapong, Arthit Neramittagapong, Shawn C. Rood. Analysis and interpretation of XPS data: Pakpoom Athikaphan, Supinya Nijpanich. Data interpretation and analysis, final manuscript preparation: Pakpoom Athikaphan, Arthit Neramittagapong, Shawn C. Rood, Natthaphong Lertna, and Sutasinee Neramittagapong.
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Athikaphan, P., Wongsanga, K., Klanghiran, S. et al. Degradation of formaldehyde by photo-Fenton process over n-ZVI/TiO2 catalyst. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 90397–90409 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25812-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25812-0