Abstract
Heavy metals in soil pose a serious threat through their toxic effect on the human food chain. Phytoremediation is a clean and green potentially cost-effective technology in remediating the heavy metal-contaminated soil. However, the efficiency of phytoextraction is very often limited by low phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil, slow growth, and small biomass production of hyper-accumulator plants. To solve these issues, accumulator plant(s) with high biomass production and amendment(s) which can solubilize metals in soil is required for better phytoextraction. A pot experiment was conducted to assess the efficiency of phytoextraction of sunflower, marigold, and spinach as affected by the incorporation of Sesbania (solubilizer) and addition of gypsum (solubilizer) in nickel (Ni)-, lead (Pb)-, and chromium (Cr)-contaminated soil. A fractionation study was conducted to study the bioavailability of the heavy metals in contaminated soil after growing the accumulator plants and as affected by using soil amendments (Sesbania and gypsum). Results showed that marigold was the most efficient among the three accumulator plants in phytoextraction of the heavy metals in the contaminated soil. Both sunflower and marigold were able to reduce the bioavailability of the heavy metals in the post-harvest soil, which was reflected in their (heavy metals) lower concentration in subsequently grown paddy crop (straw). The fractionation study revealed that carbonate and organically bound fractions of the heavy metals control the bioavailability of the heavy metals in the experimental soil. Both Sesbania and gypsum were not effective in solubilizing the heavy metals in the experimental soil. Therefore, the possibility of using Sesbania and gypsum for solubilizing heavy metals in contaminated soil is ruled out.
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All data underlying the results are generated and analyzed by the authors and are available as part of the article. No additional source data are included in the manuscript. Statement regarding materials availability is not applicable.
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This study received financial support and infrastructure facility from Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
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Conceptualization and design: S.P. Datta, B.S. Dwivedi, M.C. Meena, and S.K. Samal; data collection, formal analysis, and investigation: S.K. Samal, Mahaveer Nogiya, and Mahipal Choudhary; writing-original draft preparation: S.K. Samal and S.P. Datta; review and editing: Debasis Golui and Md Basit Raza. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Samal, S.K., Datta, S.P., Dwivedi, B.S. et al. Phytoextraction of nickel, lead, and chromium from contaminated soil using sunflower, marigold, and spinach: comparison of efficiency and fractionation study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 50847–50863 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25806-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25806-y