Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation (EKR) is a promising alternative for the contaminated soil with low hydraulic permeability. The nonlinearity of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) is mainly induced by the nonuniform variation of the pH and thus the zeta potential of the soil during the EKR process. The empirical relation between the zeta potential and the pH for kaolinite is currently applied to analyze the nonlinearity of the EOF. A new perspective for theoretical determination of the zeta potential for the variable charge soil is proposed in this study. The prediction model incorporates the pH, the valence and concentration of the electrolyte, and the temperature and permittivity of the solvent surrounding the clay particles. Satisfying agreement between the calculated and measured curves of zeta potential versus pH for three types of variable charge soil was achieved. This model would act as a useful tool to simulate the nonlinearity of the electroosmosis of the variable charge soil and provide guidance and precise control mechanism for maximizing the efficiency of the EOF.
Graphical Abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Ahmed OA (2020) The removal efficiency of lead from contaminated soil: modeling of cations and anions migration during the electrokinetic treatment. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst Environ Eng 55(10): 1218–1232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2020.1785781
Asadollahfardi G, Rezaee M, Mehrjardi GT (2016) Simulation of unenhanced electrokinetic process for lead removal from kaolinite clay. Int J Civ Eng 14(4B):263–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0049-7
Azzam R, Oey W (2001) The utilization of electrokinetics in geotechnical and environmental engineering. Transp Porous Media 42:293–314. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006753622691
Beddiar K, Fen-Chong T, Dupas A et al (2005) Role of pH in electro-osmosis: experimental study on NaCl-water saturated kaolinite. Transp Porous Med 61(1):93–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-004-6798-9
Bolt GH (1955) Analysis of the validity of the Gouy-Chapman theory of the electric double layer. J Colloid Sci 10(2):206–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-8522(55)90027-1
Bonto M, Eftekhari AA, Nick HM (2022) Electrokinetic behavior of artificial and natural calcites: a review of experimental measurements and surface complexation models. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 301:102600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2022.102600
Cang L, Fan G, Zhou D et al (2013) Enhanced-electrokinetic remediation of copper-pyrene co-contaminated soil with different oxidants and pH control. Chemosphere 90(8):2326–2331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.062
Eykholt GR, Daniel DE (1994) Impact of system chemistry on electroosmosis in contaminated soil. J Geotech Eng 120(5):797–815. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:5(797)
Gu Y, Yeung AT, Koenig A, Li H (2009) Effects of chelating agents on zeta potential of cadmium-contaminated natural clay. Sep Sci Technol 44(10):2203–2222. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390902976731
Han SJ, Kim SS, Kim BI (2004) Electroosmosis and pore pressure development characteristics in lead contaminated soil during electrokinetic remediation. Geosci J 8(1):85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02910281
Hao W, Flynn SL, Alessi SD et al (2018) Change of the point of zero net proton charge (pHPZNPC) of clay minerals with ionic strength. Chem Geol 493:458–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.023
Hu L, Zhang L, Wu H (2019) Experimental study of the effects of soil pH and ionic species on the electro-osmotic consolidation of kaoli. J Hazard Mater 368:885–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.015
Jeon EK, Ryu SR, Baek K (2015) Application of solar-cells in the electrokinetic remediation of As-contaminated soil. Electrochim Acta 493(20):458–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.06.023
Jiang J, Xu R (2015) Effects of ionic strengths on surface charge and ζ potential of three variable charge soils. Soils 47(02): 422–426. https://doi.org/10.13758/j.cnki.tr.2015.02.034
Kaya A, Yukselen Y (2005a) Zeta potential of clay minerals and quartz contaminated by heavy metals. Can Geotech J 42(42):1280–1289. https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-048
Kaya A, Yukselen Y (2005b) Zeta potential of soils with surfactants and its relevance to electrokinetic remediation. J Hazard Mater 120(1):119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.12.023
Kim SO, Kim JJ, Kim KW, Yun ST (2005) Models and experiments on electrokinetic removal of Pb(II) from kaolinite clay. Sep Sci Technol 39(8):1927–1951. https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-120030775
Lorenz PB (1969) Surface conductance and electrokinetic properties of kaolinite beds. Clays Clay Miner 17(4):223–231. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170405
Li L, Li R (2000) The role of clay minerals and the effect of H+ ions on removal of heavy metal (Pb2+) from contaminated soils. Can Geotech J 37(2):296–307. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-37-2-296
Liu Y, Zhuang Y, Xiao F et al (2022) Mechanism for reverse electroosmotic flow and its impact on electrokinetic remediation of lead-contaminated kaolin. Acta Geotech 2022:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01640-3
López Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Asensio L, Saez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Navarro V (2018) Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of polluted soils by anolyte pH conditioning. Chemosphere 199:477–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.038
Luetzenkirchen J, Preocanin T, Kovacevic D et al (2012) Potentiometric titrations as a tool for surface charge determination. Croat Chem Acta 85(4):391–417. https://doi.org/10.5562/cca2062
Lunardi CN, Gomes AJ, Rocha FS et al (2021) Experimental methods in chemical engineering: zeta potential. Can J Chem Eng 99(3):627–639. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.23914
Masi M, Ceccarini A, Iannelli R (2017) Multispecies reactive transport modelling of electrokinetic remediation of harbour sediments. J Hazard Mater 326:187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.032
Moayedi H, Kazemian S (2013) Zeta potentials of suspended humus in multivalent cationic saline solution and its effect on electroosomosis behavior. J Dispersion Sci Technol 34(2):283–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2011.646601
Mohamadi S, Saeedi M, Mollahosseini A. (2021) Strategies for the sustainable practice of electrokinetic technology: the case of mixed contaminants in a clayey soil. Cleaner Eng Technol 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100130
Raij VB, Peech M (1972) Electrochemical properties of some oxisols and alfisols of the tropics1. Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 36(4):587–593. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1972.03615995003600040027x
Saichek RE, Reddy RK (2003) Effect of pH control at the anode for the electrokinetic removal of phenanthrene from kaolin soil. Chemosphere 51(4):273–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00849-4
Shang JQ (1997) Zeta potential and electroosmotic permeability of clay soils. Can Geotech J 34(4):627–631. https://doi.org/10.1139/t97-28
Shang JQ, Lo KY, Quigley RM (1994) Quantitative determination of potential distribution in Stern-Gouy double-layer model. Can Geotech J 31(5):624–636. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-075
Sparks DL (1998) Soil physical chemistry. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Stern O (1924) Zur theorie der elektrolytischen doppelschicht, Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische. Chemie 30:21–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.192400182
Wen X, Li J, Song J, Tao L (2022) Research progress on the acid-base properties of variable charge soils using potentiometric titration. Acta Pedologica Sinica. 147: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.11766/trxb202010090558.
Xue Z, Tang X, Yang Q (2017) Influence of voltage and temperature on electro-osmosis experiments applied on marine clay. Appl Clay Sci 141:13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.01.033
Yeung AT, Hsu C, Menon RM (1997) Physicochemical soil-contaminant interactions during electrokinetic extraction. J Hazard Mater 55(1–3):221–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00017-4
Yukselen Y, Kaya A (2011) A study of factors affecting on the zeta potential of kaolinite and quartz powder. Environ Earth Sci 62(4):697–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0556-9
Yustres N, López-Vizcaíno R, Cabrera V et al (2020) Donnan-ion hydration model to estimate the electroosmotic permeability of clays. Electrochim Acta 355:136758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136758
Zhou J, Tao Y, Li C et al (2019) Experimental study of electro-kinetic dewatering of silt based on the electro-osmotic coefficient. Environ Eng Sci 36(6):739–748. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2018.0458
Zhou J, Gan Q, Tao Y (2022) Electro-osmotic permeability model based on ions migration. Acta Geotech 17(6):2379–2393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01175-z
Zhang L, Hu L (2022) Numerical simulation of electro-osmotic consolidation considering tempo-spatial variation of soil pH and soil parameters. Compu Geotech 147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.104802
Funding
The research performed in this paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52078464, 42207214, and 52178363).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Xiaojuan Yang: conceptualization, software, methodology, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing. Ge Shi: validation, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original Draft, writing—review & editing. Chao Wu: investigation, formal analysis, data curation. Honglei Sun: conceptualization, resources, supervision, project administration.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Kitae Baek
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, X., Shi, G., Wu, C. et al. Theoretical determination of zeta potential for the variable charge soil considering the pH variation based on the Stern-Gouy double-layer model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 24742–24750 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25126-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-25126-7