Abstract
The optimal conditions for the green synthesis of nano zero-valent iron (G-NZVI) using mango peel extract were investigated using a Box-Behnken design approach. Three factors were considered, namely the ratio of iron solution to mango peel extract ratio (1:1–1:3), feeding rate of mango peel extract (1–5 mL min−1), and agitation speed (300–350 rpm). The results showed that the optimal conditions for the synthesis of G-NZVI for arsenate removal were a 1:1 ratio of iron solution to mango peel extract, a mango peel extract feeding rate of 5 mL min−1, and an agitation speed of 300 rpm. Under these conditions, nearly 100% arsenate removal was achieved. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) methods were used to characterize the properties of the G-NZVI. Finally, the arsenate removal efficiency of the G-NZVI was compared against that of commercial nano zero-valent iron (C-NZVI). The results revealed that the G-NZVI was roughly five times more efficient at arsenate removal than the C-NZVI. The influence of background species such as chloride (Cl−), phosphate (PO43−), calcium (Ca2+), and sulfate (SO42−) was studied to evaluate their effects on arsenate removal. As a result, Cl− and Ca2+ were shown to play a role in promoting arsenate removal, whereas SO42− and PO43− were observed to play an inhibiting role.
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Acknowledgements
This work was conducted under research focused on the development of novel technologies for safe agriculture by the Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, which has received funding support from the Fundamental Fund (The National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF), Thailand).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Ratthiwa Deewan, Dickson Yuk-Shing Yan, and Visanu Tanboonchuy. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ratthiwa Deewan, Pummarin Khamdahsag, and Visanu Tanboonchuy. The manuscript was reviewed, revised, and approved by all authors.
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Deewan, R., Yan, D.YS., Khamdahsag, P. et al. Remediation of arsenic-contaminated water by green zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 90352–90361 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24535-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24535-y