Abstract
Biodiesel is a biological renewable source produced from the conversion of triglycerides to alkyl esters. Palm oil is one of the most used lipid feedstocks for biodiesel production. It becomes necessary to optimize the transesterification reaction parameters to reduce the cost and enhance the quality of biodiesel. This study focuses on the use of homogenous sulfuric acid as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm fatty acids to methyl esters in a batch-scale reactor. A novel examination of transesterification reaction input parameters using the technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution optimization technique and the effect of these parameters on yield, viscosity, and density of palm biodiesel using 3D surface graphs is investigated in this research. The present optimization approach is implemented to find out the optimum ranking of biodiesel production. From the experimental and numerical simulation, optimum results were observed at the catalyst concentration of 6% (w/w), reaction temperature of 70 °C, the reaction time of 120 min, and alcohol to oil molar ratio of 30:1 at which yield of 95.35%, viscosity of 5.0 cSt, and density of 880 kg/m3 of palm biodiesel were obtained. The different physicochemical properties of produced palm methyl esters are obtained within standards set by international authorities. Selected optimized process parameters can be used for commercial-scale biodiesel production.
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Abbreviations
- OPEC:
-
Organization of petroleum exporting countries
- MW:
-
Molecular weight
- ANN:
-
Artificial neural network
- PID:
-
Proportional integral derivative
- 3D:
-
Three dimensional
- ANFIS:
-
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
- B100:
-
100% biodiesel
- ISO:
-
International Organization for Standardization
- TOPSIS:
-
Technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution
- LPB:
-
Liter per batch
- Sox:
-
Oxides of sulfur
- OD:
-
Outer diameter
- NOx:
-
Oxides of nitrogen
- ID:
-
Inner diameter
- EASAC:
-
European academies science advisory council
- AV:
-
Acid value
- FFAs:
-
Free fatty acids
- RC:
-
Relative closeness
- MCDM:
-
Multi-criteria decision making
- SNR:
-
Signal-to-noise ratio
- AHP:
-
Analytic hierarchy process
- RSM:
-
Response surface methodology
- VIKOR:
-
Viekriterijumsko kompromisno rangiranje
- ELECTRE:
-
Elimination choice expressing reality
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Ramesh Chand Meena and Mahavir for their continuous technical support during experimentation. We also thank Anbesh Jamwal for his contributions in TOPSIS analysis and native English speakers Nikhil Sharma, Ashish Pawar, and Kanupriya Choudhary, for English proofreading.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, methodology, and analysis were performed by Digambar Singh, Pushpendra K sharma, Amit Jhalani, and Dinesh Sharma. The first draft of the manuscript with numerical analysis and conceptualization was done by Digambar Singh. Supervision and validation of the manuscript was done by Dilip Sharma. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. After reading the final manuscript, all authors approved it.
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Singh, D., Sharma, D., Sharma, P.K. et al. Characterization of homogenous acid catalyzed biodiesel production from palm oil: experimental investigation and numerical simulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 34481–34502 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24515-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24515-2