Abstract
The present work studies gel evolution and microstructure of geopolymers synthesized with volcanic ash (VA) and blast furnace slag (BFS). The synthesis parameters such as BFS proportions on geopolymer formation were investigated. Gel evolution and microstructure of the geopolymers were studied by FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), 29Si NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements. Silicate gels (N–S–H) were mainly formed in VA-based geopolymers of low compressive strength (14.07 MPa). While with VA and BFS each account for 50%, VA-BFS–based geopolymers possessed a compressive strength of 55.6 MPa, as well as the homogeneous C–(A)–S–H and N–A–S–H gels were formed. The C–(A)–S–H and N–A–S–H gels show synergistic effects on the mechanical property of the geopolymers. This work provides a clue for the synthesis of geopolymers with superior mechanical properties in areas of architecture.
Graphical Abstract
Detailed characterization gel evolution and microstructure of geopolymers synthesized with volcanic ash (VA) and blast furnace slag (BFS) were studied. Silicate gels (N–S–H) were mainly formed in VA-based geopolymers of low compressive strength (14.07 MPa). When VA and BFS each account for 50%, VA-BFS–based geopolymers possessed a compressive strength of 55.6 MPa, as well as the homogeneous C–(A)–S–H and N–A–S–H gels formed. Synthesis protocol for VA-BFS–based geopolymers.
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Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 51974093) and the Minjiang Scholar Talent Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No. GXRC-20067).
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YZ: Data curation, methodology, writing—review and editing. FR: conceptualization, supervision, writing—reviewing and editing, corresponding author. XT: conceptualization, supervision, writing—review and editing. SL: data curation, visualization, writing—original draft. All the authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript.
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Highlights
• VA-BFS–based geopolymers with superior mechanical properties were synthesized.
• The incorporation of BFS promoted the formation of new C–(A)–S–H gels.
• Formation of N–A–S–H and C–(A)–S–H synergistic gels strengthens the microstructure of geopolymers.
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Zheng, Y., Rao, F., Tian, X. et al. Synergistic gel formation in geopolymers of superior mechanical strength synthesized with volcanic ash and slag. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 26244–26255 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23877-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23877-x