Abstract
In Mikawa Bay, where hypoxia occurs in the bottom layer during summer, six shipboard observations were conducted from the mouth to the head of the bay from May to August 2014 to investigate the spatiotemporal variation in the bottom layer oxygen consumption rate (OCR). The OCR was determined from the dark incubation of sample waters using an optical oxygen sensor, which showed a range of 5.7–38.3 mmol m−3 days−1. A high OCR was observed at the inner-most station, where higher concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chl a) than at the other stations were found, and bottom hypoxic water appeared during the observation period after late June. These OCRs can deplete the oxygen dissolved in water within a week. The OCR showed a highly significant positive correlation with particulate organic carbon concentrations in the bottom water. Considering the relatively low carbon-to-nitrogen mole ratio (~ 6.4–7.6) and high carbon isotope ratio (between approximately − 20.2 and − 18.8‰) of particulate organic matter at the stations, the supply of fresh organic matter produced in the bay as opposed to the land may have affected the OCR by acting as a substrate for microbial aerobic respiration. High temporal resolution data from two automated observation buoys near the bay mouth and the inner area captured increases in Chl a at both sites in response to typhoon events, along with the subsequent appearance of bottom hypoxic water at the inner site and its expansion at the mouth. This supports our hypothesis that enhanced organic matter production due to nutrient input to the surface layer through vertical mixing would increase the bottom OCR, resulting in hypoxia. The apparent oxygen decline in the bottom layer from the buoy data was consistent with incubation-based OCRs during the observation period. Therefore, it is essential to model the OCR in numerical simulations of hypoxia, to which the variability characteristics that we revealed made significant contributions.
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Data availability
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Captain A. Yasuda and the crew of the Tokai Marinos Tech ships for their support during the cruise and participant K. Tanigawa, Nagoya University, Japan, for his deck work. We are also grateful to the Aichi Fisheries Research Institute for kindly providing the automatic observation buoy data.
Funding
This work was supported by a research grant in the Natural Sciences, Daiko Foundation, and a grant for Environmental Research Projects, The Sumitomo Foundation.
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Yoshihisa Mino: original concept, field observation, sample analysis, statistical analysis, data interpretation, and manuscript writing. Chiho Sukigara: funding acquisition, field observations, sample analysis, and manuscript elaboration. Joji Ishizaka: funding acquisition and manuscript elaboration.
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Mino, Y., Sukigara, C. & Ishizaka, J. Enhanced oxygen consumption results in summertime hypoxia in Mikawa Bay, Japan. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 26120–26136 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23850-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23850-8