Abstract
The development of agricultural waste–doped fired bricks is an important step toward achieving lightweight eco-efficient bricks with improved thermal insulation property. Recent research in masonry has been tailored towards the production of energy-efficient building by incorporating waste materials as additives. This effectuates a safe waste disposal, cost effectiveness, and also serve as a giant stride towards environmental sustainability. This study examines the viability of using walnut shell as additive in fired clay at various firing temperatures. Pulverized walnut shell was added to clay at a proportion of 0–10 wt.% by weight of clay. The samples were fired at temperatures of 950 °C and 1100 °C. The samples were probed for mechanical properties and durability. Morphology of the brick samples were examined under scanning electron microscope. The result of the research showed increased water absorption and specific heat capacity while mechanical and bulk density were observed to reduce. Linear shrinkage and thermal conductivity reduced with increase in walnut content of which linear shrinkage and thermal conductivity values experienced at 1100 °C was higher than at 950 °C. Resistance of bricks to salt crystallization increased with firing temperature. All samples met various standard requirement for masonry except sample prepared with 10 wt.% walnut shell whose compressive and flexural strengths fell below the required standard. The study established the use of walnut shell for development of sustainable energy-efficient bricks.
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Acknowledgements
The authors of this research appreciate the Department of metallurgical and materials engineering, and the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics of the Federal University of Technology Akure.
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Abel Adeize Barnabas: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, writing original draft, and editing. Oluwatosin Abiodun Balogun: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, formal analysis, data curation, writing original draft, and editing. Abayomi Adewale Akinwande: investigation, formal analysis, data curation, review, and editing. John Friday Ogbodo: investigation, formal analysis, data curation, review, and editing. Akeem Oladele Ademati: investigation, formal analysis, data curation, review, and editing. Enesi Isaac Dongo: investigation, formal analysis, data curation, review, and editing. Valentin Romanovski: formal analysis, data curation, visualization, writing—review and editing.
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Barnabas, A.A., Balogun, O.A., Akinwande, A.A. et al. Reuse of walnut shell waste in the development of fired ceramic bricks. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 11823–11837 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22955-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22955-4