Abstract
One of the problems of electroplating industry is the periodic discharge of concentrated spent electrolytes together with rinsing wastewater. This leads to irreversible loss of valuable components, as well as to the risk of heavy metal ions entering the environment, which have toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. The paper presents research on the processing of spent electrolytes from electroplating industry of zinc, nickel, copper, and cadmium plating, collected over 3 years. Pigments of various colors were obtained by precipitation of zinc, nickel, copper, and cadmium ions by phosphate, hydroxide, and sodium carbonate. By their properties, i.e., whiteness 95–97%, residue after sieving on a sieve up to 0.04 wt.%, etc., the resulting pigments are not inferior to those currently presented on the world market. Following previous studies, a basic technological scheme for processing waste electrolytes with pigments production is proposed. Processing of spent electrolytes according to the proposed technology will make it possible to reduce the concentration of heavy metal ions to acceptable values (0.13–0.65 mg/L) for discharge. This will ensure stable and uninterrupted operation of local treatment facilities of electroplating industry.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdurakhmanov AK, Éminov AM, Maslennikova GN (2000) Use of galvanic slime in production of ceramic facade tiles. Glas Ceram 57(11-12):385–386. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010957020766
Almeida LJ, Grzebielucka EC, Antunes SRM, Borges CPF, Andrade AVCD, Souza ÉCFD (2020) Synthesis of brown inorganic pigments with spinel structure from the incorporation of spent alkaline batteries. Mater Res 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2019-0515
Amaral FAD, Santos VS, Bernardes AM (2014) Metals recovery from galvanic sludge by sulfate roasting and thiosulfate leaching. Miner Eng 60:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.01.017
Andreola F, Barbieri L, Cannio M, Lancellotti I, Siligardi C, Soragni E (2006) Physical-chemical characterization of a galvanic sludge and its inertization by vitrification using container glass. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 92. https://doi.org/10.2495/WM060031
Andreola F, Barbieri L, Bondioli F, Cannio M, Ferrari AM, Lancellotti I (2008) Synthesis of chromium containing pigments from chromium galvanic sludges. J Hazard Mater 156(1-3):466–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.075
ASTM D79 - 86(2020) Standard Specification for Zinc Oxide Pigments. ASTM International.
Carneiro J, Tobaldi DM, Capela MN, Novais RM, Seabra MP, Labrincha JA (2018) Synthesis of ceramic pigments from industrial wastes: red mud and electroplating sludge. Waste Manag 80:371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.032
Carneiro J, Tobaldi DM, Capela MN, Seabra MP, Labrincha JA (2019) Waste-based pigments for application in ceramic glazes and stoneware bodies. Materials 12(20):3396. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203396
Cheprasova VI, Zalyhina OS (2017) Spent zinc-plating electrolytes as secondary raw material for production of pigments. Russ J Appl Chem 90(3):380–388. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1070427217030090
Chiu HSS, Tsang KL, Lee RML (1987) Treatment of electroplating wastes. J Inst Water Pollut Control 86(1):12–19
Costa G, Ribeiro MJ, Labrincha JA, Dondi M, Matteucci F, Cruciani G (2008) Malayaite ceramic pigments prepared with galvanic sludge. Dyes Pigments 78(2):157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2007.11.004
EN ISO 787-18 (2019) General methods of test for pigments and extenders - Part 18: Determination of residue on sieve - Mechanical flushing procedure.German Institute for Standardisation: Berlin, Germany.
Espinosa DC, Tenório JA (2000) Laboratory study of galvanic sludge’s influence on the clinkerization process. Resour Conserv Recycl 31(1):71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(00)00072-0
Ferreira JMF, Alves HM, Mendonça AM (1999) Inertization of galvanic sludges by its incorporation in ceramic products. Bol Soc Esp Ceram VidrioBoletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio 38:127–131
Hajjaji W, Costa G, Ribeiro MJ, Seabra MP, Labrincha JA (2010) Novel ceramic pigments based on industrial wastes. Adv Sci Technol 68:194–201. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.68.194
ISO 787-5 (2017) General Methods of Test for Pigments and Extenders Part 5: Determination of oil absorption value. German Institute for Standardisation:Berlin, Germany.
ISO 787-9 (2019) General Methods of Test for Pigments and Extenders Part 9: Determination of pH Value of an Aqueous Suspension. German Institute forStandardisation: Berlin, Germany.
Jandova J, Štefanová TÁ, Niemczyková R (2000) Recovery of Cu-concentrates from waste galvanic copper sludges. Hydrometallurgy. 57(1):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-386X(00)00101-8
Kamarou M, Kuzmenkov M, Korob N, Kwapinski W, Romanovski V (2020) Structurally controlled synthesis of calcium sulphate dihydrate from industrial wastes of spent sulphuric acid and limestone. Environ Technol Innov 17:100582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100582
Li C, Xie F, Ma Y, Cai T, Li H, Huang Z, Yuan G (2010) Multiple heavy metals extraction and recovery from hazardous electroplating sludge waste via ultrasonically enhanced two-stage acid leaching. J Hazard Mater 178(1-3):823–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.02.013
Martsul VN, Likhacheva AV, Shibeka LA, Zalygina OS, Romanovski VI, Khodin VV (2012a) Inventory of galvanic sludge and deposits of the treatment facilities formed at the enterprises of the republic of Belarus. Proceedings of BSTU. Chem Technol Inorganic Subst 3:71–77
Martsul VN, Zalygina OS, Shibeka LA, Likhacheva AV, Romanovski VI (2012b) Some applications of galvanic manufacture waste. Proceedings of BSTU. Chem Technol Inorganic Subst 3:66–70
Martsul VN, Zalygina OS, Likhacheva АV, Romanovski VI (2013) Treatment of electroplating shop wastewater at enterprises of the Republic of Belarus. Proceedings of BSTU. Chem Technol Inorganic Subst 3:57–62
Pérez-Villarejo L, Martínez-Martínez S, Carrasco-Hurtado B, Eliche-Quesada D, Ureña-Nieto C, Sánchez-Soto PJ (2015) Valorization and inertization of galvanic sludge waste in clay bricks. Appl Clay Sci 105:89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.12.022
Ract PG, Espinosa DCR, Tenório JAS (2003) Determination of Cu and Ni incorporation ratios in Portland cement clinker. Waste Manag 23(3):281–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00061-2
Rice W (2012) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Eugene, Washington DC
Rodrigues FTE, Göttert D, Pereira LJ, Masetto ASR, Chaves DAAV, Celso AA, Ferreira DSÉC (2018) Production of brown inorganic pigments with spinel structure using spent zinc-carbon batteries. Process Appl Ceram 12(4):319–325. https://doi.org/10.2298/PAC1804319R
Romanovskaia E, Romanovski V, Kwapinski W, Kurilo I (2021) Selective recovery of vanadium pentoxide from spent catalysts of sulfuric acid production: sustainable approach. Hydrometallurgy. 200:105568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105568
Romanovski V (2020) New approach for inert filtering media modification by using precipitates of deironing filters for underground water treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:31706–31714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09514-5
Romanovski V (2021) Agricultural Waste Based-Nanomaterials: Green Technology for Water Purifications / Aquananotechnology. 1st Edition.Applications of Nanomaterials for Water Purification. Editors: Kamel Abd-Elsalam, Muhammad Zahid. Elsevier. 567–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821141-0.00013-6
Rossini G, Bernardes AM (2006) Galvanic sludge metals recovery by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical treatment. J Hazard Mater 131(1-3):210–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.09.035
Silva PTDS, De Mello NT, Duarte MMM, Montenegro MCB, Araújo AN, Barros Neto B, Silva VL (2006) Extraction and recovery of chromium from electroplating sludge. J Hazard Mater 128(1):39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.026
Silva AC, Mello-Castanho S, Guitian F, Montero I, Esteban-Cubillo A, Sobrados I, Sanz J, Moya JS (2008) Incorporation of galvanic waste (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) in a soda-lime-borosilicate glass. J Am Ceram Soc 91(4):1300–1305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02311.x
Veglio F, Quaresima R, Fornari P, Ubaldini S (2003) Recovery of valuable metals from electronic and galvanic industrial wastes by leaching and electrowinning. Waste Manag 23(3):245–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(02)00157-5
Data and materials availability
The supplementary information provides more detailed information about the pigments composition, IR spectroscopy result, properties of pigments derived from waste electrolytes and pigments supplied by manufacturers to the global market, and the additional text.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Volha Zalyhina: conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing—review and editing. Victoria Cheprasova: formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing—original draft, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization. Volha Belyaeva: investigation. Valentin Romanovski: validation, formal analysis, data curation, visualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, visualization
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interest.
Additional information
Responsible editor: Santiago V. Luis
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
ESM 1
(DOCX 102 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zalyhina, V., Cheprasova, V., Belyaeva, V. et al. Pigments from spent Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cd electrolytes from electroplating industry. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 32660–32668 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13007-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13007-4