Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Revealing the nexus between tourism development and CO2 emissions in Asia: does asymmetry matter?

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Asia is one of the fastest-growing regions in international tourism, economic growth, and CO2 emissions around the globe. However, the relationships between tourism and CO2 emissions are little and unclearly identified. The purpose of the study is to explore the asymmetric nexus between tourism and CO2 emissions in a panel of five high emitters Asian countries covering the period of 1995–2019 by using panel-NARDL-AMG. The empirical results reveal that a positive shock in tourism arrivals increases CO2 emissions, while a negative shock also increases CO2 emissions in the long run. Moreover, a negative shock has a greater effect on CO2 emissions than a positive shock in Asia in the long run. Tourism receipts are expected to maintain the robustness of CO2 emissions in the long run in Asian economies. The authorities should develop and design green international tourism activities in the Asian economies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Acheampong AO (2021) Modeling tourism–environment relationship in Australia: does asymmetry matter? Singapore Econ Rev:1-31

  • Aslam B, Hu J, Majeed MT, Andlib Z, Ullah S (2021) Asymmetric macroeconomic determinants of CO2 emission in China and policy approaches. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–14

  • Aslan A, Altinoz B, Özsolak B (2021) The nexus between economic growth, tourism development, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Mediterranean countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(3):3243–3252

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awan A, Bilgili F (2022) Energy poverty trends and determinants in Pakistan: Empirical evidence from eight waves of HIES 1998–2019. Renew Sust Energ Rev 158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awan A, Kocoglu M, Banday TP, Tarazkar MH (2022) Revisiting global energy efficiency and CO2 emission nexus: fresh evidence from the panel quantile regression model. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–14

  • Azam M, Alam MM, Hafeez MH (2018) Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. J Clean Prod 190:330–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bahmani-Oskooee M, Usman A, Ullah S (2020) Asymmetric impact of exchange rate volatility on commodity trade between Pakistan and China. Glob Bus Rev: 0972150920916287

  • Chan APC, Darko A, Olanipekun AO, Ameyaw EE (2018) Critical barriers to green building technologies adoption in developing countries: the case of Ghana. J Clean Prod 172:1067–1079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chishti MZ, Ullah S, Ozturk I, Usman A (2020) Examining the asymmetric effects of globalization and tourism on pollution emissions in South Asia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(22):27721–27737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chou MC (2013) Does tourism development promote economic growth in transition countries? A panel data analysis. Econ Model 33:226–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogan E, Aslan A (2017) Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Renew Sust Energ Rev 77:239–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dogru T, Bulut U (2018) Is tourism an engine for economic recovery? Theory and empirical evidence. Tour Manag 67:425–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El Menyari Y (2021) The effects of international tourism, electricity consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in North Africa. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(32):44028–44038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engle RF, Granger CW (1987) Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: J Econ Soc 55:251–276

  • Eyuboglu S, Eyuboglu K (2020) Tourism development and economic growth: an asymmetric panel causality test. Curr Issue Tour 23(6):659–665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fethi S, Senyucel E (2021) The role of tourism development on CO2 emission reduction in an extended version of the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from top 50 tourist destination countries. Environ Dev Sustain 23(2):1499–1524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gokmenoglu KK, Eren BM (2020) The role of international tourism on energy consumption: empirical evidence from Turkey. Curr Issue Tour 23(9):1059–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gössling S, Hall CM (2006) An introduction to tourism and global environmental change. Tourism Glob Environ Change:1-34

  • Hussain J, Khan A, Zhou K (2020) The impact of natural resource depletion on energy use and CO2 emission in Belt & Road Initiative countries: a cross-country analysis. Energy 199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imran S, Alam K, Beaumont N (2014) Environmental orientations and environmental behaviour: perceptions of protected area tourism stakeholders. Tour Manag 40:290–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen S (1988) Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. J Econ Dyn Control 12(2–3):231–254

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen S, Juselius K (1990) Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration—with appucations to the demand for money. Oxf Bull Econ Stat 52(2):169–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katircioglu ST, Feridun M, Kilinc C (2014) Estimating tourism-induced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: the case of Cyprus. Renew Sust Energ Rev 29:634–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khattak SI, Ahmad M, Khan ZU, Khan A (2020) Exploring the impact of innovation, renewable energy consumption, and income on CO2 emissions: new evidence from the BRICS economies. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1-16

  • Koçak E, Ulucak R, Ulucak ZŞ (2020) The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: an advanced panel data estimation. Tour Manag Perspect 33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kocoglu M, Awan A, Tunc A, Aslan A (2022) The nonlinear links between urbanization and CO2 in 15 emerging countries: evidence from unconditional quantile and threshold regression. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(12):18177–18188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar RR, Stauvermann PJ (2016) The linear and non-linear relationship between of tourism demand and output per worker: a study of Sri Lanka. Tour Manag Perspect 19:109–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latif MT, Othman M, Idris N, Juneng L, Abdullah AM, Hamzah WP et al (2018) Impact of regional haze towards air quality in Malaysia: a review. Atmos Environ 177:28–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Lv Z (2021) Do spatial spillovers matter? Estimating the impact of tourism development on CO2 emissions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(25):32777–32794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Ozturk I, Ullah S, Andlib Z, Hafeez M (2022) Can top-pollutant economies shift some burden through insurance sector development for sustainable development? Econ Anal Policy 74:326–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naradda Gamage SK, Hewa Kuruppuge R, Haq IU (2017) Energy consumption, tourism development, and environmental degradation in Sri Lanka. Energy Sourc Part B: Econ Plann Policy 12(10):910–916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nepal R, Al Irsyad MI, Nepal SK (2019) Tourist arrivals, energy consumption and pollutant emissions in a developing economy–implications for sustainable tourism. Tour Manag 72:145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngoc BH, Awan A (2022) Does financial development reinforce ecological footprint in Singapore? Evidence from ARDL and Bayesian analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(16):24219–24233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paramati SR, Alam MS, Lau CKM (2018) The effect of tourism investment on tourism development and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from the EU nations. J Sustain Tour 26(9):1587–1607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi MI, Hassan MA, Hishan SS, Rasli AM, Zaman K (2017) Dynamic linkages between sustainable tourism, energy, health and wealth: evidence from top 80 international tourist destination cities in 37 countries. J Clean Prod 158:143–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Razzaq A, Fatima T, Murshed M (2021) Asymmetric effects of tourism development and green innovation on economic growth and carbon emissions in Top 10 GDP Countries. J Environ Plan Manag:1-30

  • Rico A, Martínez-Blanco J, Montlleó M, Rodríguez G, Tavares N, Arias A, Oliver-Solà J (2019) Carbon footprint of tourism in Barcelona. Tour Manag 70:491–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saint Akadiri S, Alola AA, Akadiri AC (2019) The role of globalization, real income, tourism in environmental sustainability target. Evidence from Turkey. Sci Total Environ 687:423–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin Y, Yu B, Greenwood-Nimmo M (2014) Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt (pp. 281-314). Springer, New York, NY

  • Usman A, Ozturk I, Naqvi SMMA, Ullah S, Javed MI (2022) Revealing the nexus between nuclear energy and ecological footprint in STIRPAT model of advanced economies: fresh evidence from novel CS-ARDL model. Prog Nucl Energy 148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Usman A, Ozturk I, Ullah S, Hassan A (2021) Does ICT have symmetric or asymmetric effects on CO2 emissions? Evidence from selected Asian economies. Technol Soc 67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wei L, Ullah S (2022) International tourism, digital infrastructure, and CO2 emissions: fresh evidence from panel quantile regression approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1-8

  • Wei X, Ren H, Ullah S, Bozkurt C (2022) Does environmental entrepreneurship play a role in sustainable green development? Evidence from emerging Asian economies. Econ Res-Ekonomska Istraživanja:1-13

  • Yin Y, Xiong X, Ullah S, Sohail S (2021) Examining the asymmetric socioeconomic determinants of CO2 emissions in China: challenges and policy implications. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(40):57115–57125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Ozturk I, Ullah S (2022) Institutional factors-environmental quality nexus in BRICS: a strategic pillar of governmental performance. Econ Res-Ekonomska Istraživanja:1–13

  • Zhang S, Liu X (2019) The roles of international tourism and renewable energy in environment: new evidence from Asian countries. Renew Energy 139:385–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Hainan Medical University, Research on Health Tourism course construction under the background of construction of Hainan free trade port HYJW202102.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2750, NSW, Australia

    Kaixin Wangzhou & Julie Jie Wen

  2. School of Management, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China

    Zheng Wang

  3. Hainan Vocational University of Science and Technology, Haikou, Hainan, 571126, China

    Huamin Wang

  4. Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570011, China

    Chunbo Hao

  5. Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Zubaria Andlib

Authors
  1. Kaixin Wangzhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Julie Jie Wen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zheng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Huamin Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chunbo Hao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zubaria Andlib
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

This idea was given by Kaixin Wangzhou. Kaixin Wangzhou, Julie Jie Wen, Zheng Wang, Huamin Wang analyzed the data and wrote the complete paper, while Zubaria Andlib and Chunbo Hao read and approved the final version.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Julie Jie Wen or Zubaria Andlib.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

I am free to contact any of the people involved in the research to seek further clarification and information.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Eyup Dogan

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wangzhou, K., Wen, J.J., Wang, Z. et al. Revealing the nexus between tourism development and CO2 emissions in Asia: does asymmetry matter?. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 79016–79024 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21339-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21339-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation