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Exposure sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and health risk assessment: a systematic review in Iran

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Abstract

This systematic review aims to identify the sources of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), portioning, and human health risk assessment in Iran. The literature was searched in the international databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the national databases of SID and MagIran up to November 14, 2020. Among all 153 articles, 21 eligible papers were identified. Among them, only one article was related to drinking water, the rest was related to food and soil, and no article was found on ambient air. The corrected portion of each exposure source was determined to be 90% for food, 9% for water, and 1% for air. The total hazard quotient (HQ) was determined to be within an unsafe range, and the total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was determined to be at a high risk of oral carcinogenesis. It is suggested that a comprehensive study be conducted in a specific period for all sources of exposure in all counties of Iran. Moreover, it is recommended that the policymakers set national standards for this pollutant in near future in some sources of exposure (e.g., drinking water) which have no standards in Iran.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all the authors of the referenced articles used for this systematic review, as well as all the databases of the International and Iranian Departments and/or Organizations.

Data availability

All the data analyzed during this study are included in this article.

Funding

This work was supported by the Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Grant Number: 45252 ), and Iran National Science Foundation (INSF), Vice Presidency for Science and Technology, The Office of President (Grant Number: 99006142 ).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St, Tehran, 141761315, Iran

    Masoumeh Ravanipour, Masud Yunesian & Amir Hossein Mahvi

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Masoumeh Ravanipour

  3. The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Iraj Nabipour

  4. Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Masud Yunesian

  5. Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Noushin Rastkari

  6. Center for Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Noushin Rastkari

  7. Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amir Hossein Mahvi

Authors
  1. Masoumeh Ravanipour
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  2. Iraj Nabipour
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  3. Masud Yunesian
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  4. Noushin Rastkari
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  5. Amir Hossein Mahvi
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Contributions

Conceptualization: [MR, IN, MY, NR, AHM], methodology: [MR, MY, NR, AHM], data analysis: [MR, MY], writing—original draft preparation: [MR], supervision: [IN, MY, NR, AHM], writing—review and editing: [MR, MY, AHM], project administration: [IN, AHM]. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Amir Hossein Mahvi.

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Highlights

• Total average daily dose (ADD) was achieved equal 79.3 ng/kg-day.

• Iranian ADD was higher than the safe level (>20 ng/kg-day).

• Exposure portion was obtained 90, 9, and 1% for food, water, and air, respectively.

• Total hazard quotient (HQ) was in unsafe range (>1).

• Total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was in a high oral carcinogenic risk.

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Ravanipour, M., Nabipour, I., Yunesian, M. et al. Exposure sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and health risk assessment: a systematic review in Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 55437–55456 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21274-y

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