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Physiological responses of beet and cabbage plants exposed to copper and their potential insertion in human food chain

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Abstract

Copper (Cu) can be toxic to vegetables when it is absorbed and accumulated at large concentrations, a fact that increases the risk of excessive addition of this metal to the human food chain. The aims of the current study are (1) to determine the Cu concentrations that have critical toxic effects on beet and cabbage plants, and the potential of these plants to enter the human food chain, as well as (2) to assess the physiological and biochemical responses of representatives of these vegetables grown in nutrient solution presenting increasing Cu concentrations. Beet and cabbage plants were grown for 75 days in pots filled with sand added with nutrient solution presenting six Cu concentrations: 0.00, 0.52, 1.02, 1.52, 2.02 and 2.52 mg Cu L−1. Dry matter yield and Cu accumulation in different plant organs were evaluated. Photosynthetic pigment contents, lipid peroxidation levels (TBARs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations in leaves were evaluated. Critical Cu concentrations that led to toxicity in plant organs such as beetroot and cabbage head, which are often found in human diets, corresponded to 1.43 mg Cu L−1 and 1.59 mg Cu L−1, respectively. High Cu concentrations in the nutrient solution have increased Cu concentrations and accumulation in plant tissues. This outcome justified the increased POD and SOD enzyme activity in the leaves of beet and cabbage plants, respectively, and was the cause of reduced plant growth in both crops. Cabbage plants presented higher tolerance to increased Cu levels in the growing environment than beet plants. However, it is necessary being careful at the time to consume both vegetables, when they are grown in Cu-enriched environments.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development)-CNPq, for the research productivity scholarship, granted to the second author.

Funding

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) – CNPq, has granted a Research Productivity scholarship to the second author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Sciences Department of Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Odair J. Schmitt, Jerônimo L. Andriolo, Cleiton Renato Casagrande & Márcio André Kreutz

  2. Soil Sciences Department of Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Isley C. B. Silva, Carina Marchezan, Gerson Laerson Drescher & Gustavo Brunetto

  3. Federal Institute of Rio Grande Do Sul, Restinga Campus, Porto Alegre, RS, 91791-508, Brazil

    Tadeu L. Tiecher

  4. Federal University of Fronteira Sul –Cerro Largo Campus (UFFS), Cerro Largo, RS, 97900-000, Brazil

    Tatiane Chassot

  5. Biology Department of Federal, University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Camila Peligrinotti Tarouco & Fernando Teixeira Nicoloso

  6. Rural Engineering Department, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, 88034.001, Brazil

    Cledimar Rogério Lourenzi

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  1. Odair J. Schmitt
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  12. Márcio André Kreutz
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Contributions

O.J. Schmitt, J.L. Andriolo, F.T. Nicoloso and G. Brunetto have designed the experiments.

J. Schmitt, M.A. Kreutz, C.R. Casagrande and T. Chassot have performed and monitored the experiments on a daily basis.

G.L. Drescher, C.R. Casagrande and C.P. Tarouco have collected and prepared the samples and performed chemical and biochemical analyses on the collected tissues.

O.J. Schmitt, T. Chassot, G.L. Drescher and C.R. Lourenzi have tabulated the data, performed the statistical analyses and prepared tables and figures.

O.J. Schmitt, J.L. Andriolo, I.C.B. Silva, T.L. Tiecher and C. Marchezan have interpreted the results and wrote the manuscript.

J.L. Andriolo, F.T. Nicoloso and G. Brunetto have thoroughly reviewed the manuscript.

All authors have critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Isley C. B. Silva.

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Schmitt, O.J., Andriolo, J.L., Silva, I.C.B. et al. Physiological responses of beet and cabbage plants exposed to copper and their potential insertion in human food chain. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 44186–44198 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18892-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18892-x

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