Abstract
Water and land are crucial natural resources for agricultural development. It is necessary to allocate water and land resources effectively in order to achieve the maximum economic profits and the minimum environmental costs. In this research, an inexact two-stage fractional programming model was developed for the allocation of water and land resources, which is integrated interval-parameters (IPP), two-stage stochastic programming (TSP), fractional programming (FP). This model could optimally allocate water and land resources at the same time under the scenario of the maximum economic profit and the minimum environmental cost; it was proved to be beneficial in (1) dealing with the conflicts between economic development and environmental protection and give insights in trade-off among the agricultural system; (2) allocating water and land resources for five crops under multiple flow level simultaneously; and (3) describing the uncertain inputs as interval-parameters to reduce model uncertainties. The developed model was applied to the northeast region of China. The optimal allocation schemes of water and land resources, the maximum economic profits, and the minimum environmental costs were obtained. The results showed that economic profits in the agricultural system in the northeast region of China would not definitely be connected with the allocation of water and land resources, and solid waste pollution would bear the largest environmental cost. The developed model could help decision-makers to get a deeper understanding of the agricultural system and manage water and land resources in an efficient and environment-friendly way.
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Data availability
Most of the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. The other data sets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to the restrictions of the local environmental management department but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- i :
-
Index for crops (i = 1, 2, …5)
- k :
-
Index for hydrological (k = 1, 2, …5)
- max, min:
-
Superscript of maximum and minimum, respectively
- \({F}_{E}^{\pm }\) :
-
The objective function values
- \({F}_{EP}^{\pm }\) :
-
The economic profit values
- \({F}_{EC}^{\pm }\) :
-
The environmental costs
- \({A}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Target available land allocation for crop i (ha)
- \({A'}_{ik}^{\pm }\) :
-
Amount by which target A for crop i is not met under water flow level k (ha)
- \({D}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Target available water resources allocation for crop i (t)
- \({D'}_{ik}^{\pm }\) :
-
Amount by which target D for crop i is not met under water flow level k (t)
- \({p}_{k}\) :
-
Probability of flow level k
- \({R}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Market price for crop i (¥/kg)
- \({Y}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Yield per unit area for crop i (kg/ha)
- \({W}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Market price for water (¥/t)
- \({L}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Penalty coefficient for land allocation (¥/ha)
- \({WL}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Penalty coefficient for water allocation (¥/t)
- \({C}_{{CO}_{2}}^{\pm }\) :
-
CO2 emission costs (¥)
- \({\mathrm{C}}_{{CH}_{4}}^{\pm }\) :
-
CH4 emission costs (¥)
- \({\mathrm{C}}_{{N}_{2}O}^{\pm }\) :
-
N2O emission costs (¥)
- \({\mathrm{C}}_{FR}^{\pm }\) :
-
Solid waste pollution cost (¥)
- \({\mathrm{C}}_{TN}^{\pm }\) :
-
Dilution total nitrogen costs (¥)
- \({\mathrm{C}}_{TP}^{\pm }\) :
-
Dilution total phosphorus costs (¥)
- CCE:
-
CO2 transaction costs (¥/t)
- \({EW}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Energy consumption per unit volume of water used(t/t)
- \({NE}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Nitrogen fertilizer usage per unit area (t/ha)
- \({CFF}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Compound fertilizer usage per unit area (t/ha)
- \({TN}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Total nitrogen emissions (t)
- \({TP}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Total phosphorus emissions (t)
- \({FR}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Residual amount of agricultural films per unit area (m2/m2)
- CEW:
-
CO2 emission coefficient of energy consumption for irrigating water
- GWPC:
-
Global warming potential of CH4
- CCH:
-
CH4 emission coefficient (t/ha)
- CNO:
-
N2O emission per unit area (t/ha)
- NCN:
-
N2O emission coefficient for nitrogen fertilizers
- CFCN:
-
N2O emission coefficient for compound fertilizers
- GWPN:
-
Global warming potential of N2O
- WSN:
-
Standard concentration of total nitrogen in class III water (kg/m3)
- WSP:
-
Standard concentration of total phosphorus in class III water (kg/m3)
- \(\rho\) :
-
Water density (kg/m3)
- \({YA}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
The output value per unit area (¥/m2)
- \({Q}_{k}^{\pm }\) :
-
Water supply under flow level k
- \(\eta\) :
-
Irrigating efficiency coefficient
- \({Y}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Yield per unit area for crop i (t/ha)
- \({G}_{i}^{\pm }\) :
-
Food security for crop i (t)
- \({NW}_{i}\) :
-
Crop water requirement during the whole growth period (m)
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Acknowledgements
We also much appreciate the anonymous reviewers and the editors for their suggestions and comments in helping improve the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2020B1111380003), National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20117), and Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (GML2019ZD0403).
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Yongyang Wang: conceptualization, writing—original draft. Yanpeng Cai: funding acquisition, review and editing. Yulei Xie and Gengyuan Liu: project administration. Pan Zhang: investigation. Bowen Li: data investigation. Bo Li: software. Qunpo Jia: data curation. Zixuan Qi: data curation. Jin Zhang: visualization.
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Wang, Y., Xie, Y., Cai, Y. et al. Considering economic-environmental joint benefits of water-land resources allocation for supporting sustainable agricultural system development in northeastern China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 41093–41109 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18516-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18516-4