Abstract
The effects of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), and their mixtures on the depuration of anthracene (Ant) and fluoranthene (Fla) individually adsorbed on the Kandelia obovata (Ko) leaf surfaces were in situ investigated. The Ko original leaf-wax microstructures have been destroyed by SDBS, Tween 20, and their mixtures at or above their critical micelle concentration (CMC). The volatilization rate constants (kV) of the adsorbed PAHs decreased with surfactants at or above their CMC resulting from the plasticizing effect and a decrease in the polarity of the Ko leaf-waxes induced by surfactants. Moreover, the photolysis rate constants (kP) of the adsorbed PAHs decreased with SDBS while increased with Tween 20 and their mixtures at or above their CMC, which can be attributed to effects of surfactants on the light adsorption behavior of Ko leaf-waxes. Overall, the effects of surfactants on the depuration of the adsorbed PAHs were dependent not only on the physical–chemical properties of surfactants but also on the micro-environment of the substrates adsorbed the PAHs. These results are of great significance for further understanding the accumulation of PAHs and could expand our knowledge about the migration mechanism of PAHs from the atmosphere by mangrove leaf surface micro-zones.
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Data availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
Abbreviations
- SDBS:
-
Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate
- Tween 20:
-
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
- Ant:
-
Anthracene
- Fla:
-
Fluoranthene
- K o :
-
Kandelia obovate
- CMC:
-
Critical micelle concentration
- POPs:
-
Persistent organic pollutants
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- HOCs:
-
Hydrophobic organic contaminants
- Nap:
-
Naphthalene
- Flu:
-
Fluorine
- Phe:
-
Phenanthrene
- Pyr:
-
Pyrene
- LCSM:
-
Laser confocal scanning microscopy
- λ ex :
-
Excitation wavelength
- λ em :
-
Emission wavelength
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscopy
- RSD:
-
Relative standard deviation
- k T :
-
Total depuration rate constants
- k V :
-
Volatilization rate constants
- k P :
-
Photolysis rate constants
- C V1 :
-
The percentage contributions of volatilization
- C P1 :
-
The percentage contributions of photolysis
- LT:
-
Light-treated
- DT:
-
Dark-treated
- S:T:
-
Mass ratios of SDBD to Tween 20
- Brij35:
-
Polyoxyethyleneglycol dodecyl ether
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge senior engineer Fang Wu of College of the Environment and Ecology (Xiamen University) for helping to use the apparatus.
Funding
We acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21627814).
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Shuai Guo: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft, Visualization. Chaoxian Wei: Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Visualization. Yaxian Zhu: Data curation, Visualization, Project administration. Yong Zhang: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Writing-Review and Editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
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Guo, S., Wei, C., Zhu, Y. et al. How surfactants affect the depuration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the mangrove leaf surfaces: insight from an in situ method. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 31413–31425 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18469-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18469-0