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Seven-year study of monsoonal rainwater chemistry over the mid-Brahmaputra plain, India: assessment of trends and source regions of soluble ions

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Abstract

This work is a 7-year study of monsoonal rainwater chemistry (n = 302), over mid-Brahmaputra plain during 2012 to 2018. The samples were analyzed for major chemical parameters viz. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and ions (SO42−, NO3−, Br−, Cl−, F−, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, NH4+, Na+, and Li+) to assess the chemistry. The mean pH of rainwater varied among the years, which was maximum in 2018 (6.18 ± 0.72) and minimum in the year 2014 (5.39 ± 0.54), and the variations were significant at p < 0.0001. Ridgeline plots were drawn to visualize interannual variations, which revealed that Ca2+ was the dominant cation in the early years, whereas NH4+ prevailed in the latter years. Mann–Kendall analysis and Sen’s slope statistical tests were employed, and it was found that all the ions showed positive S values indicating increasing trends. Enrichment factors (EF) of K+, SO42−, and NO3− were found to be high with respect to both soil and seawater suggesting the influence of emissions from fossil fuel and biomass burning in the chemistry of rainwater. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify the sources of rain constituents, and five factors were obtained explaining crustal dust, biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, agricultural emissions, and coal burning as possible sources. Airmass back trajectory clusters and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) were computed by application of HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model to appreciate the terrestrial influence on the chemistry. The results indicated inputs from both local and regional dust and anthropogenic constituents that influenced the monsoonal rainwater chemistry over Brahmaputra Valley.

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All data generated or analyzed for this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYSPLIT transport and dispersion model and READY website (http://www.ready.noaa.gov) used in this publication. The authors also like to acknowledge the free availability of software, Meteoinfo and Trajstat, used in this publication.

Funding

The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), Government of India offered a research project (Grant No. MoES/16/16/10-RDEAS), during 2011–2015, to Raza R. Hoque for a study like this; however, MoES does not have any role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Md. Sahbaz Ahmed and Pranamika Bhuyan with equal contribution

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India

    Md. Sahbaz Ahmed, Pranamika Bhuyan & Raza R. Hoque

  2. Department of Environmental Studies, Assam Women’s University, Jorhat, India

    Pranamika Bhuyan

  3. School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, Suran, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Sayantan Sarkar

Authors
  1. Md. Sahbaz Ahmed
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  2. Pranamika Bhuyan
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  3. Sayantan Sarkar
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  4. Raza R. Hoque
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Contributions

The respective contributions are as per the following: MSA: data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, software, original draft, PB: data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, software, original draft, SS: methodology, validation, review and editing, RRH: conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, project administration; supervision, writing—review and editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raza R. Hoque.

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The authors declare no competing interests

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Ahmed, M.S., Bhuyan, P., Sarkar, S. et al. Seven-year study of monsoonal rainwater chemistry over the mid-Brahmaputra plain, India: assessment of trends and source regions of soluble ions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 25276–25295 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17385-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17385-7

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