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Spatial and physicochemical assessment of groundwater quality in the urban coastal region of Sri Lanka

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Abstract

Rising sea levels, groundwater exploitation, and urbanization were the primary causes of seawater intrusion, exerting pressure on coastal aquifers. In Sri Lanka’s urban coastal region, a comprehensive physicochemical description of groundwater has yet to be identified. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to (a) use a Geographic Information System (GIS) to designate spatial distribution of various water physicochemical characteristics, (b) detect “suitable” groundwater zones for drinking, and (c) estimate groundwater quality by developing a groundwater quality index (GWQI) in Sri Lanka’s urban coastal region. The physiochemical parameters of 18 groundwater samples [pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, and HCO3−] were studied in terms of their spatial and temporal variation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and Sri Lankan Standard Institution (SLS), EC levels in 11% of samples were above the acceptable range, while turbidity levels in 22% of samples were above the acceptable range. Water was consumable in 77.78% of the locations and unsatisfactory in 22.22%. The main hydrochemical facies detected in groundwater samples were Na+– Cl− and the mixed Ca2+– Mg2+– Cl− face, which indicated carbonate dissolution and weathering of silicate minerals and the main mechanism controlling the water chemistry in the study area is water–rock interaction. Based on daily water consumption, it was discovered that the HQ is greater than one, in 61% of males, 78% of females, and 89% of children, indicating a health hazard. Furthermore, groundwater quality in the study region is deteriorating due to significant coastal erosion, making it critical to maintain a comprehensive groundwater management strategy to promote sustainable water consumption.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

    Thanippuli Arachchige Nilusha Tharangani Perera, Herath Mudiyanselage Malhamige Sonali Dinesha Herath & Ranjana Udaya Kumara Piyadasa

  2. Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shandong Xiamen, China

    Liu Jianhui

  3. Island Research Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shandong Xiamen, Fujian, China

    Li Bing

Authors
  1. Thanippuli Arachchige Nilusha Tharangani Perera
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  2. Herath Mudiyanselage Malhamige Sonali Dinesha Herath
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  3. Ranjana Udaya Kumara Piyadasa
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  4. Liu Jianhui
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  5. Li Bing
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Contributions

T.A.N.T. Perera—conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, validation, visualization, writing (original draft), writing (review and editing).

HMMSD Herath—conceptualization, resources, software, validation, visualization.

Ranjana UK Piyadasa—conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources, supervision.

Liu Jianhui—conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, resources.

Li Bing—conceptualization, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, resources.

Not applicable.

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Correspondence to Thanippuli Arachchige Nilusha Tharangani Perera.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Communicated by Xianliang Yi.

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Perera, T.A.N.T., Herath, H.M.M.S.D., Piyadasa, R.U.K. et al. Spatial and physicochemical assessment of groundwater quality in the urban coastal region of Sri Lanka. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 16250–16264 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16911-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16911-x

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