Abstract
Produced water, a mixture of inorganic and organic components, comprises the largest effluent stream from oil and gas activities. The removal of contaminants from this wastewater is receiving special attention of the researchers since most of them are persistent and difficult to remove with simple techniques. Several technologies from conventional to advanced oxidation processes have been employed to treat produced water. However, the achievement of greater efficiency may be conditioned to a combination of different wastewater treatment techniques. Hereupon, the present paper discusses three important aspects regarding produced water treatment: analytical methods used for characterization, relevant aspects regarding photochemical systems used for advanced oxidation processes, and combined techniques for treating oil field wastewaters. Analytical methods employed for the quantification of the main species contained in produced water are presented for a proper characterization. Photochemical aspects of the reaction systems such as operating conditions, types of irradiation sources, and technical details of reactors are also addressed. Finally, research papers concerning combined treatment techniques are discussed focusing on the essential contributions. Thus, this manuscript aims to assist in the development of novel techniques and the improvement of produced water treatment to obtain a high-quality treated effluent and reduce environmental impacts.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM, El-Toony MM (2020) Integrated treatment for oil free petroleum produced water using novel resin composite followed by microfiltration. Sep Purif Technol 234:116058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116058
Afenyo M, Veitch B, Khan F (2020) A state-of-the-art review of fate and transport of oil spills in open and ice-covered water. Ocean Eng 119:233–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.10.014
Al-Ghouti MA, Al-Kaabi MA, Ashfaq MY, Da’na DA (2019) Produced water characteristics, treatment and reuse: a review. J Water Process Eng 28:222–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.02.001
Alipour Z, Azari A (2020) COD removal from industrial spent caustic wastewater: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 8(3):103678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103678
Aljuboury DA, Palaniandy P, Aziz HBA, Feroz S (2015) Treatment of petroleum wastewater using combination of solar photo-two catalyst TiO2 and photo-Fenton process. J Environ Chem Eng 3(2):1117–1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.04.012
Al-Kaabi MA, Al-Ghouti MA, Ashfaq MYM, Ahmed T, Zouari N (2019) An integrated approach for produced water treatment using microemulsions modified activated carbon. J Water Process Eng 31:100830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100830
Al-Malack MH, Al-Nowaiser WK (2018) Treatment of synthetic hypersaline produced water employing electrocoagulation-membrane bioreactor (EC-MBR) process and halophilic bacteria. J Environ Chem Eng 6(2):2442–2453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2018.03.049
Almaraz N, Regnery J, Vanzin GF, Riley SM, Ahoor DC, Cath TY (2020) Emergence and fate of volatile iodinated organic compounds during biological treatment of oil and gas produced water. Sci Total Environ 699:134202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.1342027
Amin MM, Bina B, Majd AMS, Pourzamani H (2013) Benzene removal by nano magnetic particles under continuous condition from aqueous solutions. Front Environ Sci Eng 8(3):345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0574-4
ANP (Brazilian Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency) (2020) Dynamic panel of oil and natural gas production (in Portuguese). http://www.anp.gov.br/exploracao-e-producao-de-oleo-e-gas/painel-dinamico-de-producao-de-petroleo-e-gas-natural. Accessed 15 Nov 2020
Audino F, Pérez-Moya M, Graells M, Espuña A, Csukas B, Varga M (2020) A novel modeling approach for a generalizable photo-Fenton-based degradation of organic compounds. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:22913–22934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08616-4
Bahri M, Mahdavi A, Mirzaei A, Mansouri A, Haghighat F (2018) Integrated oxidation process and biological treatment for highly concentrated petrochemical effluents: a review. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 125:183–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2018.02.002
Bennett GF, Shammas NK (2010) Separation of oil from wastewater by air flotation. In: Wang LK, Shammas NK, Selke WA, Aulenbach DB (eds) Flotation Technology. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 85–120
Brillas E (2020) A review on the photoelectro-Fenton process as efficient electrochemical advanced oxidation for wastewater remediation. Treatment with UV light, sunlight, and coupling with conventional and other photo-assisted advanced technologies. Chemosphere 250:126198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126198
Carvalho PCA, Foletto EL, Dotto GL, Rackov CKOS, Barros Neto EL, Chiavone–Filho O (2019) Removal of organic contaminants from a synthetic oilfield produced water by adsorption process using vegetable and bone bovine activated carbons. Braz J Petrol Gas 13(3):199–209. https://doi.org/10.5419/bjpg2019-0017
Cassano AE, Martín CA, Brandi RJ, Alfano OM (1995) Photoreactor analysis and design: fundamentals and applications. Ind Eng Chem Res 34:2155–2201. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00046a001
Castañeda-Juárez M, Castillo-Suárez LA, Martínez-Miranda V, Almazán-Sánchez PT, Linares-Hernández I, Lugo-Lugo V, Esparza-Soto M, Santoyo-Tepole F (2020) Oxidation of N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (acetaminophen) by a galvanic Fenton and solar galvanic Fenton processes. Sol Energy 199:731–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.02.070
CONAMA (National Environment Council) (2011) Resolution 430. Provisions the conditions and standards of effluents (in Portuguese). http://www2.mma.gov.br/port/conama/legiabre.cfm?codlegi=646. Accessed 8 Dec 2020
Cunha-Filho FJV, Mota-Lima A, Ratkievicius LA, Silva DJ, Silva DN, Chiavone-Filho O, Nascimento CAO (2019) Rapid mineralization rate of acetylsalicylic acid in a tubular photochemical reactor: the role of the optimized excess of H2O2. J Water Process Eng 31:100856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100856
Diya’uddeen BH, Pouran SR, Aziz ARA, Nashwan SM, Daud WMAW, Shaaban MG (2015) Hybrid of Fenton and sequencing batch reactor for petroleum refinery wastewater treatment. J Ind Eng Chem 25:186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2014.10.033
Dórea HS, Bispo JRL, Aragão KAS, Cunha BB, Navickiene SA, José PH, Romão LPC, Garcia CAB (2007) Analysis of BTEX, PAHs and metals in the oilfield produced water in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Microchem J 85:234–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2006.06.002
Dudek M, Vik EA, Aanesen SV, Øye G (2020) Colloid chemistry and experimental techniques for understanding fundamental behaviour of produced water in oil and gas production. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 276:102105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2020.102105
Echchelh A, Hess T, Sakrabani R (2018) Reusing oil and gas produced water for irrigation of food crops in drylands. Agric Water Manag 206:124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.05.006
El-Naas MH, Surkatti R, Al-Zuhair S (2016) Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment: a pilot scale study. J Water Process Eng 14:71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2016.10.005
EPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2000) Profile of the oil and gas extraction industry. https://archive.epa.gov/sectors/web/pdf/oilgas.pdf. Accessed 03 Sept 2020
Estrada-Arriaga EB, Zepeda-Aviles JA, García-Sánchez L (2016) Post-treatment of real oil refinery effluent with high concentrations of phenols using photo-ferrioxalate and Fenton’s reactions with membrane process step. Chem Eng J 285:508–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.030
Fakhru’l-Razi A, Pendashteh A, Abdullah LC, Biak DRA, Madaeni SS, Abidin ZZ (2009) Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. J Hazard Mater 170:530–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.044
Fang Z, Huang R, How ZT, Jiang B, Chelme-ayala P, Shi Q, Xu C, El-din MG (2020) Molecular transformation of dissolved organic matter in process water from oil and gas operation during UV/H2O2, UV/chlorine, and UV/persulfate processes. Sci Total Environ 730:139072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139072
Farzana MH, Meenakshi S (2013) Synergistic effect of chitosan and titanium dioxide on the removal of toxic dyes by the photodegradation technique. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(1):55–63. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie402347g
Ferrer I, Thurman EM (2015) Analysis of hydraulic fracturing additives by LC/Q-TOF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 407(21):6417–6428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8780-5
Freitas AM, Rivas G, Campos-Mañas MC, López JLC, Agüera A, Pérez JAS (2016) Ecotoxicity evaluation of a WWTP effluent treated by solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH in a raceway pond reactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:1093–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7101-7
Gabardo IT, Platte EB, Araújo AS, Pulgatti FH (2011) Evaluation of produced water from brazilian offshore platforms. In: Lee K, Neff J (eds) Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies. Springer Science & Business Media, New York, pp 89–114
Genuino HC, Hamal DB, Fu YJ, Suib SL (2012) Synergetic effects of ultraviolet and microwave radiation for enhanced activity of TiO2 nanoparticles in degrading organic dyes using a continuous-flow reactor. J Phys Chem C 116(26):14040–14051. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3040192
Guerra K, Dahm K, Dundorf S (2011) Oil and gas produced water management and beneficial use in the Western United States. U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Managing Water in the West. https://www.usbr.gov/research/dwpr/reportpdfs/report157.pdf. Accessed 15 Jan 2021
GWPC (Ground Water Protection Council) (2019) Produced water report: regulations, current practices, and research needs. Ground Water Protection Council. https://www.gwpc.org/sites/gwpc/uploads/documents/Research/Produced_Water_Full_Report___Digital_Use.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2021
Haolat JO, George A, Suleiman MI, Berthod M, Wang K (2018) UV-TiO2 treatment of the cooling water of an oil refinery. J Water Process Eng 26:176–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.10.013
Hernández-Francisco E, Peral J, Blanco-Jerez LM (2017) Removal of phenolic compounds from oil refinery wastewater by electrocoagulation and Fenton/photo-Fenton processes. J Water Process Eng 19:96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.07.010
Hu X, Yu Y, Ren S, Lin N, Wang Y, Zhou J (2018) Highly efficient removal of phenol from aqueous solutions using graphene oxide/Al2O3 composite membrane. J Porous Mater 25(3):719–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-017-0485-z
Hu L, Yu J, Luo H, Wang H, Xu P, Zhang Y (2020) Simultaneous recovery of ammonium, potassium and magnesium from produced water by struvite precipitation. Chem Eng J 382:123001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123001
Igunnu ET, Chen GZ (2014) Produced water treatment technologies. Int J Low Carbon Technol 9(3):157–177. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/cts049
Jafarinejad S, Jiang SC (2019) Current technologies and future directions for treating petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants (PRPP) wastewaters. J Environ Chem Eng 7(5):103326–103326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103326
Jallouli N, Pastrana-Martínez LM, Ribeiro AR, Moreira NFF, Faria JL, Hentati O, Silva AMT, Ksibi M (2018) Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in ultrapure water, municipal and pharmaceutical industry wastewaters using a TiO2/UV-LED system. Chem Eng J 334:976–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.10.045
Jiang W, Lin L, Xu X, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Hall R, Xu P (2021) A critical review of analytical methods for comprehensive characterization of produced water. Water 13(2):183. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13020183
Jiménez S, Micó MM, Arnaldos M, Ferrero E, Malfeito JJ, Medina F, Contreras S (2017) Integrated processes for produced water polishing: enhanced flotation/sedimentation combined with advanced oxidation processes. Chemosphere 168:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.055
Jiménez S, Micó MM, Arnaldos M, Medina F, Contreras S (2018) State of the art of produced water treatment. Chemosphere 192:186–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.139
Jiménez S, Andreozzi M, Micó MM, Álvarez MG (2019) Contreras, Sandra. Produced water treatment by advanced oxidation processes. Sci Total Environ 666:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.128
Kaur G, Mandal AK, Nihlani MC, Lal B (2009) Control of sulfidogenic bacteria in produced water from the Kathloni oilfield in northeast India. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 63(2):151–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.07.008
Khaksar AM, Nazif S, Taebi A, Shahghasemi E (2017) Treatment of phenol in petrochemical wastewater considering turbidity factor by backlight cascade photocatalytic reactor. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 348:161–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.08.034
Khan AA, Tahir M (2019) Recent advancements in engineering approach towards design of photo-reactors for selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to renewable fuels. J CO2 Util 29:205–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2018.12.008
Khan NA, Engle M, Dungan B, Holguin FO, Xu P, Carroll KC (2016) Volatile-organic molecular characterization of shale-oil produced water from the Permian Basin. Chemosphere 148:126–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.116
Kose B, Ozgun H, Ersahin ME, Dizge N, Koseoglu-Imer DY, Atay B, Kaya R, Altđnbas M, Sayđlđ S, Hoshan P (2012) Performance evaluation of a submerged membrane bioreactor for the treatment of brackish oil and natural gas field produced water. Desalination 285:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.10.016
Kose-Mutlu B, Ersahin ME, Ozgun H, Kaya R, Kinaci C, Koyuncu I (2016) Influence of powdered and granular activated carbon system as a pre-treatment alternative for membrane filtration of produced water. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 92(2):283–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4996
Kusworo TD, Aryanti N, Qudratun UDP (2018) Oilfield produced water treatment to clean water using integrated activated carbon-bentonite adsorbent and double stages membrane process. Chem Eng J 347:462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.136
Lee H, Kannan P, Shoaibi AA, Srinivasakannan C (2019) Phenol degradation catalyzed by metal oxide supported porous carbon matrix under UV irradiation. J Water Process Eng 31:100869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100869
Lester Y, Ferrer I, Thurman EM, Sitterley KA, Korak JA, Aiken G, Linden KG (2015) Characterization of hydraulic fracturing flowback water in Colorado: implications for water treatment. Sci Total Environ 512-513:637–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.043
Li M, Li W, Wen D, Bolton JR, Blatchley ER, Qiang Z (2019) Micropollutant degradation by the UV/H2O2 process: kinetic comparison among various radiation sources. Environ Sci Technol 53(9):5241–5248. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06557
Li C, Li J, Wang N, Zhao Q, Wang P (2021) Status of the treatment of produced water containing polymer in oilfields: a review. J Environ Chem Eng 9(4):105303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105303
Liden T, Santos IC, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA (2019) Analytical methods for the comprehensive characterization of produced water. In: Ahuja S (ed) Evaluating Water Quality to Prevent Future Disasters. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 199–217
Liu Y, Lu H, Li Y, Xu H, Pan Z, Dai P, Wang H, Yang Q (2021) A review of treatment technologies for produced water in offshore oil and gas fields. Sci Total Environ 775:145485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145485
Lou W, Kane A, Wolbert D, Rtimi S, Assadi AA (2017) Study of a photocatalytic process for removal of antibiotics from wastewater in a falling film photoreactor: scavenger study and process intensification feasibility. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 122:213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2017.10.010
Luek JL, Gonsior M (2017) Organic compounds in hydraulic fracturing fluids and wastewaters: a review. Water Res 123:536–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.012
Majhi D, Samal PK, Das K, Gouda SK, Bhoi YP, Mishra BG (2019) α-NiS/Bi2O3 nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tramadol. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2(1):395–407. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.8b01974
Manassero A, Satuf ML, Alfano OM (2017) Photocatalytic reactors with suspended and immobilized TiO2: comparative efficiency evaluation. Chem Eng J 326:29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.05.087
Manjunath SV, Tripathy BK, Kumar M, Pramod S (2020) Simultaneous degradation of anionic and cationic dyes from multi-dye systems using falling film photoreactor: performance evaluation, kinetic and toxicity analysis. J Environ Chem Eng 8:104486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104486
Mazierski P, Bajorowicz B, Grabowska E, Zaleska-Medynska A (2015) Photoreactor design aspects and modeling of light. In: Colmenares JC, Xu YJ (eds) Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: From Fundamentals to Green Application. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 211–248
Mohanakrishna G, Al-Raoush RI, Abu-Reesh IM (2021) Integrating electrochemical and bioelectrochemical systems for energetically sustainable treatment of produced water. Fuel. 285:119104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119104
Molinari R, Argurio P, Szymański K, Darowna D, Mozia S (2020) Photocatalytic membrane reactors for wastewater treatment. In: Basile E, Comite A (eds) Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-). Membranes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 83–116
Mota ALN, Lopes Neto LG, Foletto EL, Chiavone-Filho O, Nascimento CAO (2018) Analysis of solar and artificial UVA irradiations on the photo-Fenton treatment of phenolic effluent and oilfield produced water. Chem Eng Commun 205(11):1594–1603. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2018.1463524
Nasiri M, Jafari I, Parniankhoy B (2017) Oil and gas produced water management: a review of treatment technologies, challenges, and opportunities. Chem Eng Commun 204(8):9901005. https://doi.org/10.1080/00986445.2017.1330747
Neff J, Lee K, Deblois EL (2011) Produced water: overview of composition, fates, and effects. In: Lee K, Neff J (eds) Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies. Springer Science & Business Media, New York, pp 3–54
Ochoa-Gutiérrez KS, Tabares-Aguilar E, Mueses MA, Machuca-Martínez F, Puma GL (2018) A novel prototype offset multi tubular photoreactor (OMTP) for solar photocatalytic degradation of water contaminants. Chem Eng J 341:628–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.02.068
Oetjen K, Giddings CGS, McLaughlin M, Nell M, Blotevogel J, Helbling DE, Mueller D, Higgins CP (2018) Emerging analytical methods for the characterization and quantification of organic contaminants in flowback and produced water. Trends Environ Anal Chem 15:12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2017.07.002
Ossai IC, Ahmed A, Hassan A, Hamid FS (2020) Remediation of soil and water contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon: a review. Environ Technol Innov 17:100526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100526
Ozgun H, Ersahin ME, Erdem S, Atay B, Sayili S, Eren E, Hoshan P, Atay D, Altinbas M, Kinaci C (2013) Comparative evaluation for characterization of produced water generated from oil, gas, and oil-gas production fields. Clean: Soil, Air, Water 41(12):1175–1182. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201200204
Petala A, Spyrou D, Frontistis Z, Mantzavinos D, Di K (2019) Immobilized Ag3PO4 photocatalyst for micro-pollutants removal in a continuous flow annular photoreactor. Catal Today 328:223–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2018.10.062
Petrella A, Boghetich G, Petrella M, Mastrorilli P, Petruzzelli V, Petruzzelli D (2014) Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes. Pilot plant investigation. Ind Eng Chem Res 53(7):2566–2571. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie403506s
Qi Z, Sun R, Yu Y, Xiong D, Li W, Yu X, Fu S (2021) Performance of dispersed oil and suspended sediment during the oil-sediment aggregation process. Mar Pollut Bull 168:112455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112455
Reina AC, Miralles-Cuevas S, Cornejo L, Pomares L, Polo J, Oller I, Malato S (2020) The influence of location on solar photo-Fenton: process performance, photoreactor scaling-up and treatment cost. Renew Energy 145:1890–1900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.113
Rodriguez AZ, Wang H, Hu L, Zhang Y, Xu P (2020) Treatment of produced water in the permian basin for hydraulic fracturing: comparison of different coagulation processes and innovative filter media. Water. 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030770
Rosenblum J, Nelson AW, Ruyle B, Schultz MK, Ryan JN, Linden KG (2017) Temporal characterization of flowback and produced water quality from a hydraulically fractured oil and gas well. Sci Total Environ 596–597:369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.294
Rubio-Clemente A, Chica E, Peñuela GA (2020) Photolysis of a mixture of anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene at ultra-trace levels in natural water with disinfection purposes. J Environ Sci 92:79–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.294
Rueda-Marquez JJ, Levchuk I, Ibañez PF, Sillanpää M (2020) A critical review on application of photocatalysis for toxicity reduction of real wastewaters. J Clean Prod 258:120694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120694
Santos IC, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KAA (2018) Review of analytical methods for characterizing the potential environmental impacts of unconventional oil and gas development. Anal Chem 91(1):689–703. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04750
Sbardella L, Gala IV, Comas J, Carbonell SM, Rodríguez-Roda I, Gernjak W (2020) Integrated assessment of sulfate-based AOPs for pharmaceutical active compound removal from wastewater. J Clean Prod 260:121014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121014
Shim H, Ma W, Lin A, Chan K (2009) Bio-removal of mixture of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes/total petroleum hydrocarbons/trichloroethylene from contaminated water. J Environ Sci 21(6):758–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62337-2
Silva SS, Chiavone-filho O, de Barros Neto EL, Nascimento CAO (2012) Integration of processes induced air flotation and photo-Fenton for treatment of residual waters contaminated with xylene. J Hazard Mater 199-200:151–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.070
Silva SS, Chiavone-Filho O, de Barros Neto EL, Foletto EL (2015) Oil removal from produced water by conjugation of flotation and photo-Fenton processes. J Environ Manag 147:257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.08.021
Simões AJA, Macêdo-Júnior RO, Santos BLP, Silva DP, Ruzene DS (2021) A bibliometric study on the application of advanced oxidation processes for produced water treatment. Water Air Soil Pollut 232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05247-4
Stefan MI (2018) UV/Hydrogen peroxide process. In: Stefan MI (ed) Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment. IWA Publishing, London, pp 7–122
Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Blotevogel J, Borch T (2014) Analysis of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced waters using accurate mass: identification of ethoxylated surfactants. Anal Chem 86(19):9653–9661. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac502163k
Tolosana-Moranchel A, Canle M, Faraldos M, Bahamonde A (2020) Photo-mechanism of phenolic pollutants in natural water: effect of salts. Sep Purif Technol:116868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116868
Vaiano V, Sannino D, Sacco O (2020) The use of nanocatalysts (and nanoparticles) for water and wastewater treatment by means of advanced oxidation processes. In: Amrane A, Rajendran S, Nguyen TA, Assadi AA, Sharoba AM (eds) Micro and Nano Technologies. Nanotechnology in the Beverage Industry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 241–264
Veil JA (2020) U. S. produced water volumes and management practices in 2017. Prepared for the Ground Water Research and Education Formation. http://www.veilenvironmental.com/publications/pw/pw_report_2017_final.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2021
Veil JA, Puder MG, Elcock D, Redweik Jr RJ (2004) A white paper describing produced water from production of crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane. United States Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory. https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2004/02/49109.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2021
Wang WL, Wu QY, Huang N, Xu ZB, Lee MY, Hu HY (2018) Potential risks from UV/H2O2 oxidation and UV photocatalysis: a review of toxic, assimilable, and sensory-unpleasant transformation products. Water Res 141:109–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.005
Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen B, Bu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Rosario-Ortiz FL (2020a) Photolysis and photocatalysis of haloacetic acids in water: a review of kinetics, influencing factors, products, pathways, and mechanisms. J Hazard Mater 391:122143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122143
Wang L, Zhang Q, Chen B, Bu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Zhu R (2020b) Some issues limiting photo(cata)lysis application in water pollutant control: a critical review from chemistry perspectives. Water Res 174:115605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115605
Yazdanbakhsh A, Aliyari A, Sheikhmohammadi A, Aghayani E (2020) Application of the enhanced sono-photo-Fenton-like process in the presence of persulfate for the simultaneous removal of chromium and phenol from the aqueous solution. J Water Process Eng 34:101080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101080
Younker JM, Walsh ME (2014) Bench-scale investigation of an integrated adsorption–coagulation–dissolved air flotation process for produced water treatment. J Environ Chem Eng 2(1):692–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.11.009
Yu H, Tan C, Dong F (2020) Measurement of oil fraction in oil-water dispersed flow with swept-frequency ultrasound attenuation method. Int J Multiphase Flow 133:103444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103444
Zhang Z, Du X, Carlson KH, Robbins CA, Tong T (2019) Effective treatment of shale oil and gas produced water by membrane distillation coupled with precipitative softening and walnut shell filtration. Desalination 454:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2018.12.011
Zhang TT, Liu J, Zhou F, Zhou S, Wu J, Chen D, Xu Q, Lu J (2020) Polymer-coated Fe2O3 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of organic materials and antibiotics in water. ACS Applied Nano Materials 3(9):9200–9208. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c01829
Zhao S, Huang G, Cheng G, Wang Y, Fu H (2014) Hardness, COD and turbidity removals from produced water by electrocoagulation pretreatment prior to reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination 344:454–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.04.014
Ziolli RL, Jardim WF (2003) Photochemical transformations of water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil in marine waters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 155(1–3):243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00397-0
Funding
This study received financial support from CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development), and ANP (Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization: L. R. Hollanda; methodology: S. B. F. Santos; formal analysis and investigation: J. G. A. A. Faustino; writing—original draft preparation: L. R. Hollanda, E. L. Foletto; writing—review and editing: G. L. Dotto, E. L. Foletto; funding acquisition: O. Chiavone-Filho; supervision: O. Chiavone-Filho. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publish
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hollanda, .R., Santos, S.B.F., Faustino, J.G.A.A. et al. Oil field–produced water treatment: characterization, photochemical systems, and combined processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 52744–52763 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16222-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16222-1