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Produced Water: Overview of Composition, Fates, and Effects

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Produced Water

Abstract

Produced water (formation and injected water containing production chemicals) represents the largest volume waste stream in oil and gas production operations on most offshore platforms. In 2003, an estimated 667 million metric tons (about 800 million m3) of produced water were discharged to the ocean from offshore facilities throughout the world. There is considerable concern about the ocean disposal of produced water, because of the potential danger of chronic ecological harm. Produced water is a complex mixture of dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic chemicals in water that ranges from essentially freshwater to concentrated saline brine. The most abundant organic chemicals in most produced waters are water-soluble low molecular weight organic acids and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Concentrations of total PAH and higher molecular weight alkyl phenols, the main toxicants in produced water, typically range from about 0.040 to about 3 mg/L. The metals most frequently present in produced water at elevated concentrations, relative to those in seawater, include barium, iron, manganese, mercury, and zinc. Upon discharge to the ocean, produced water dilutes rapidly, often by 100-fold or more within 100 m of the discharge. The chemicals of greatest environmental concern in produced water, because their concentrations may be high enough to cause bioaccumulation and toxicity, include aromatic hydrocarbons, some alkylphenols, and a few metals. Marine animals near a produced water discharge may bioaccumulate metals, phenols, and hydrocarbons from the ambient water, their food, or bottom sediments. The general consensus of the International Produced Water Conference was that any effects of produced water on individual offshore production sites are likely to be minor. However, unresolved questions regarding aspects of produced water composition and its fate and potential effects on the ecosystem remain. Multidisciplinary scientific studies are needed under an ecosystem-based management (EBM) approach to provide information on the environmental fates (dispersion, precipitation, biological and abiotic transformation) and effects of chronic, low-level exposures to the different chemicals in produced water.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neff & Associates, LLC, Duxbury, MA, 02332, USA

    Jerry Neff

  2. Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research (COOGER), Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada

    Kenneth Lee

  3. Department of Building Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, PQ, Canada

    Kenneth Lee

  4. Elisabeth DeBlois Inc., St. John’s, NL, Canada

    Elisabeth M. DeBlois

  5. Jacques Whitford, St. John’s, NL, Canada

    Elisabeth M. DeBlois

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    Kenneth Lee

  2. Neff and Associates, LLC, Duxbury, 20332, Massachusetts, USA

    Jerry Neff

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Neff, J., Lee, K., DeBlois, E.M. (2011). Produced Water: Overview of Composition, Fates, and Effects. In: Lee, K., Neff, J. (eds) Produced Water. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0046-2_1

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