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Baseline health risk assessment of trace metals in bivalve shellfish from commercial growing areas in the estuaries of Ashtamudi and Vembanad (Kerala, India)

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Abstract

Trace metal concentrations were monitored in the yellow clam (Paphia malabarica), green mussel (Perna viridis) and edible oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) from growing areas in the Ashtamudi and Vembanad estuaries, Kerala. Samples of shellfish (clams n=26, mussels n=18, oysters n=36) and environmental parameters (salinity, temperature, pH and rainfall) were measured in these growing areas from July 2012 to December 2014. Ranges of mean annual concentrations (mg/kg) were Ni (0.46–0.65); Co (2.87–3.49); Fe (80.0–119.4); Mn (3.88–9.38); Zn (40.8–76.2); Pb (1.28–2.00); and Cu (1.59–4.38). In Ashtamudi, clams had higher mean concentrations of Ni, Co, Fe, Mn and Pb than oysters. Mean concentrations of Ni, Pb (in all species), Zn (in clams and mussels) and Cu (in mussels) did not exceed maximum permissible limits mandated by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. Mean Mn concentrations exceeded the World Health Organization guideline (1 mg/kg) in the three species while mean Fe concentrations in clams and oysters did not exceed the guideline (100 mg/kg). Target hazard quotients were generally ≤ 1, except for a few Pb results in clams and mussels. Although results suggest no health risk to consumers for the reference doses, daily intakes and elements considered, regular monitoring of trace metals is recommended to maintain consumer protection given increasing anthropogenic and climatic pressures on the shellfish growing areas.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

THQ:

Target hazard quotient

EDI:

Estimated daily intake

RfD:

Oral reference dose

FSSAI:

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India

WHO:

World Health Organization

EC:

European Commission

MFR:

Malaysian Food Regulation

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Acknowledgements

S. Chinnadurai gratefully acknowledges fellowship received from the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) of the World Bank (P. Code 2000035102). The authors are grateful to the Director of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI) for logistical and technical support and advice during this study. Thanks also due to the Director of the Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT) and Head of the Quality Assurance and Management Division for the trace metal analyses.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the ICAR-NAIP (National Agricultural Innovation Project), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Molluscan Fisheries Division, ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala State, 682018, India

    Shunmugavel Chinnadurai, Vasant Kripa & Kolliyil Sunil Mohamed

  2. Fishing Technology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kerala State, Kochi, 682029, India

    Shunmugavel Chinnadurai & Vaidhyanathan Geethalakshmi

  3. Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka State, India

    Shunmugavel Chinnadurai

  4. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand

    Carlos Jose Alexandre de Campos

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  1. Shunmugavel Chinnadurai
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SC: conceptualization; methodology; validation; investigation; formal analysis; writing—original draft; writing—review and editing. CJAC: conceptualization; writing—review and editing. VG: statistical analysis; writing—review and editing. VK: conceptualization, funding acquisition. KSM: conceptualization; writing—review and editing; project administration

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Chinnadurai, S., de Campos, C.J.A., Geethalakshmi, V. et al. Baseline health risk assessment of trace metals in bivalve shellfish from commercial growing areas in the estuaries of Ashtamudi and Vembanad (Kerala, India). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 68338–68348 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15284-5

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