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Elimination of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats via supplementation with whey protein-coated thyme essential oil

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Abstract

The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is growing dramatically; however, the toxicity of these biosynthesized particles against living organisms is not fully explored. Therefore, this study was designed to synthesize and characterize TiO2-NPs, encapsulation and characterization thyme essential oil (ETEO), and determination of the bioactive constituents of ETEO using GC-MS and evaluate their protective role against TiO2-NPs-induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in rats. Six groups of rats were treated orally for 30 days including the control group, TiO2-NPs (300 mg/kg b.w)-treated group, ETEO at low (50 mg/kg b.w) or high dose (100 mg/kg b.w)-treated groups, and TiO2-NPs plus ETEO at the two doses-treated groups. Blood and tissues were collected for different assays. The GC-MS results indicated the presence of 21 compounds belonging to phenols, terpene derivatives, and heterocyclic compounds. The synthesized TiO2-NPs were 45 nm tetragonal particles with a zeta potential of −27.34 mV; however, ETEO were 119 nm round particles with a zeta potential of −28.33 mV. TiO2-NPs administration disturbs the liver and kidney markers, lipid profile, cytokines, oxidative stress parameters, the apoptotic and antioxidant hepatic mRNA expression, and induced histological alterations in the liver and kidney tissues. ETEO could improve all these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. It could be concluded that ETEO is a promising candidate for the protection against TiO2-NPs and can be applied safely in food applications.

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Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

Alb:

Albumin

AFP:

Alpha feta protein

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

Bax:

Bcl-2 Associated X-protein

BC:

Bowman’s capsule

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

CAT:

Catalase

CV:

Central vein

Cho:

Cholesterol

cDNA:

Complementary DNA

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

D. BIL:

Direct bilirubin

DT:

Distal tubules

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

ETEO:

Encapsulated thyme essential oil

ETEO (LD):

Encapsulated thyme essential oil (low dose)

ETEO (HD):

Encapsulated thyme essential oil high dose)

EOs:

Essential oils

FID:

Flame ionization detector

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

GC-MS:

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

GRAS:

Generally recognized as safe

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

H & E:

Hematoxylin and eosin stains

HDL:

High density lipoprotein

GAPDH:

Housekeeping glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gen

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

8-OHdG:

8-hydroxyl deoxyguanosine

•OH:

Hydroxyl radical

LDL:

Low density lipoprotein

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid nitric oxide

NO:

Nitric Oxide

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

RT-qPCR:

qPCR quantitative real-time PCR

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

SEM:

Scanning electron micrographs

Sq-PCR:

Semi-quantitative PCR

SPSS:

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TEOs:

Thyme essential oils

TO:

Thyme oil

TiO2-NPs:

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles

TTIP:

Titanium tetra isopropoxide

T. BIL:

Total bilirubin

TP:

Total protein

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

WPI:

Whey protein isolate

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Availability of data and material

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code availability

The codes used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt project # 12050305.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

    Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab & Aziza A. El-Nekeety

  2. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Arish University, Arish, Egypt

    Hagar E Mohammed

  3. Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

    Ola I. Elshafey

  4. Cell Biology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

    Sekena H. Abdel-Aziem

  5. Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

    Nabila S. Hassan

Authors
  1. Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab
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  2. Aziza A. El-Nekeety
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  3. Hagar E Mohammed
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  4. Ola I. Elshafey
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  5. Sekena H. Abdel-Aziem
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  6. Nabila S. Hassan
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Contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors AA El-Nekeety, HE Mohammed, and OI Elshafey prepared and characterized the nanoparticles, carried out the experimental work and the biochemical analysis, and managed the literature search. Author SH Abdel-Aziem carried out the genetic analysis. Author NS. Hassan carried out the histological part. All authors shared in writing the first draft. Author Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab wrote the protocol, managed the project, managed the analyses of the study, performed the statistical analysis, and wrote the final draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mosaad A. Abdel-Wahhab.

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Ethics approval

The protocol of the current study was approved by the ethics Animal Care and Use Committee of the National research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt (approval # 12050305/2019)

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Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., El-Nekeety, A.A., Mohammed, H.E. et al. Elimination of oxidative stress and genotoxicity of biosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rats via supplementation with whey protein-coated thyme essential oil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 57640–57656 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14723-7

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