Abstract
This study assessed the critical soil characteristics affecting mercury (Hg) bioavailability to the earthworm Eisenia fetida using the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) method. The soil samples were collected from a tributary of the Hyeongsan River contaminated with industrial waste and landfill leachates called Gumu Creek. The Hg concentration in the soil had a range of 0.33–170 μg g-1 (average 33 ± 56 μg g-1), and the Hg concentration of earthworms incubated in the soils was 0.83–11 μg g-1 (average 2.9 ± 3.2 μg g-1). When correlation analysis was used to detect the key variables among the soil properties related to Hg accumulation in the soils, earthworms, and resins, the water-holding capacity, which is covaried with the organic matter content, was determined to be a primary factor in increasing Hg accumulation in the soils, earthworms, and resins. However, the experimentally determined earthworm bioaccumulation factor and the DGT accumulation factor were negatively affected by the water-holding capacity. Therefore, the water-holding capacity played a dual role in the Gumu Creek deposits: increasing the soil Hg concentration and decreasing Hg bioavailability and leachability. Further, the DGT–Hg flux was positively correlated with the Hg concentration in earthworms (r = 0.93). Although the earthworm accumulation of Hg is not processed by passive diffusion, this study proves that the DGT method is promising for predicting soil Hg bioavailability to the earthworm E. fetida, and the water-holding capacity simultaneously regulates Hg availability to the DGT and the earthworms.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by Korea Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation Research Program, funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (RE202001216), and GIST Research Institute (GRI) grant funded by the GIST in 2021.
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Viet Huu Nguyen: investigation, writing-original draft
Jae-young Seon: investigation, methodology
Ghulam Hussain Qasim: validation
Hasan Fareed: validation
Yongseok Hong: methodology, writing-review & editing
Seunghee Han: funding acquisition, supervision, writing-review & editing
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Nguyen, V.H., Seon, Jy., Qasim, G.H. et al. Applying the diffusive gradient in thin films method to assess soil mercury bioavailability to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 39840–39852 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13344-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13344-4