Abstract
Seaweeds rich in polysaccharides are considered commercially important because of their wide range of industrial applications. In this study, the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii was used for bioplastic film production. Plasticizer polyethylene glycol (PEG) to seaweed biomass ratio was optimized and a thin bioplastic film with higher tensile strength was produced. The films obtained were characterized by its thickness, tensile strength, colour (L, a, b), elongation at break (EAB), water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and oxygen transmission rate (OTR). TG-DSC, AFM, SEM and FTIR spectroscopy analysis were performed to assess the composition, phase transitions and chemical reaction capabilities of the film. The bioplastic film obtained from 4% K. alvarezii (whole seaweed) showed better physical and mechanical properties, whereas TG-DSC, FTIR and AFM showed similar kind of bioplastic properties in all the concentrations. Decrease in OTR was observed against decreasing wall thickness of the film. The present study suggests that the seaweed would be a potential alternate source for bioplastic production which may reduce the usage of non-degradable plastics.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- KBPF:
-
Kappa bioplastic film
- KS:
-
Kappaphycus seaweed
- EAB:
-
Elongation at break
- WVTR:
-
Water vapour transmission rate
- OTR:
-
Oxygen transmission rate
- TG-DSC:
-
Thermo gravimetric differential scanning colorimeter
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
References
Abdul Khalil HPS, Davoudpour Y, Saurabh CK, Hossain MS, Adnan AS, Dungani R, Paridah MT, Islam Sarker MZ, Fazita MRN, Syakir MI, Haafiz MKM (2016) A review on nanocellulosic fibres as new material for sustainable packaging: process and applications. Renew Sust Energ Rev 64:823–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.072
Abdul Khalil HPS, Saurabh CK, Tye YY, Lai TK, Easa AM, Rosamah E, Fazita MRN, Syakir MI, Adnan AS, Fizree HM, Aprilia NAS, Banerjee A (2017a) Seaweed based sustainable films and composites for food and pharmaceutical applications: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 77:353–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.025
Abdul Khalil HPS, Tye YY, Saurabh CK, Leh CP, Lai TK, Chong EWN, Nurul Fazita MR, Mohd Hafiidz J, Banerjee A, Syakir MI (2017b) Biodegradable polymer films from seaweed polysaccharides: a review on cellulose as a reinforcement material. Express Polym Lett 11:244–265. https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2017.26
Alves VD, Costa N, Coelhoso IM (2010a) Barrier properties of biodegradable composite films based on kappa-carrageenan/pectin blends and mica flakes. Carbohydr Polym 79:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.08.002
Alves VD, Costa N, Coelhoso IM (2010b) Barrier properties of biodegradable composite films based on kappa-carrageenan/pectin blends and mica flakes. Carbohydr Polym 79:269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.08.002
ASTM D 3418–99 (2004) Standard test method for transition temperatures of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry. Test 08:1–7
Basiak E, Lenart A, Debeaufort F (2017) Effect of starch type on the physico-chemical properties of edible films. Int J Biol Macromol 98:348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.122
Bocqué M, Voirin C, Lapinte V, Caillol S, Robin JJ (2016) Petro-based and bio-based plasticizers: chemical structures to plasticizing properties. J Polym Sci Part A Polym Chem 54:11–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27917
Cao N, Yang X, Fu Y (2009) Effects of various plasticizers on mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of gelatin films. Food Hydrocoll 23:729–735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2008.07.017
Cheng S, Zhang Y, Cha R, Yang J, Jiang X (2016) Water-soluble nanocrystalline cellulose films with highly transparent and oxygen barrier properties. Nanoscale 8:973–978. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr07647a
Chidambarampadmavathy K, Karthikeyan OP, Heimann K (2017) Sustainable bio-plastic production through landfill methane recycling. Renew Sust Energ Rev 71:555–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.083
Choi HY, Han SO, Lee JS (2009) The effects of morphological properties of henequen fiber irradiated by EB on the mechanical and thermal properties of henequen fiber/PP composites. Compos Interfaces 16:751–768. https://doi.org/10.1163/092764409X12477436469871
Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK et al (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem 28:350–356. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017
Echeverria C, Pahlevani F, Gaikwad V, Sahajwalla V (2017) The effect of microstructure, filler load and surface adhesion of marine bio-fillers, in the performance of hybrid wood-polypropylene particulate bio-composite. J Clean Prod 154:284–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.020
Fouda MMG, El-Aassar MR, El Fawal GF et al (2015) K-carrageenan/poly vinyl pyrollidone/polyethylene glycol/silver nanoparticles film for biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol 74:179–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.040
Freile-Pelegrín Y, Madera-Santana TJ (2017) Biodegradable polymer blends and composites from seaweeds. Handb Compos Renew Mater 1–8:419–438. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119441632.ch98
Hassan MM, Mueller M, Wagners MH (2008) Exploratory study on seaweed as novel filler in polypropylene composite. J Appl Polym Sci 109:1242–1247. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28287
Ili Balqis AM, Nor Khaizura MAR, Russly AR, Nur Hanani ZA (2017) Effects of plasticizers on the physicochemical properties of kappa-carrageenan films extracted from Eucheuma cottonii. Int J Biol Macromol 103:721–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.105
Jang YH, Han SO, Sim IN, Kim HI (2013) Pretreatment effects of seaweed on the thermal and mechanical properties of seaweed/polypropylene biocomposites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 47:83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.11.016
Lima AMF, Andreani L, Soldi V, Borsali R (2007) Influence of plasticizer addition and crosslinking process on morphology, water absorption and mechanical properties of sodium alginate films. Quim Nova 30:832–837. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000400014
Mantri VA, Ganesan M, Gupta V, Krishnan P, Siddhanta AK (2019) An overview on agarophyte trade in India and need for policy interventions. J Appl Phycol 31:3011–3023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01791-z
Marichelvam MK, Jawaid M, Asim M (2019) Corn and rice starch-based bio-plastics as alternative packaging materials. Fibers 7:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib7040032
Masarin F, Cedeno FRP, Chavez EGS, de Oliveira LE, Gelli VC, Monti R (2016) Chemical analysis and biorefinery of red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii for efficient production of glucose from residue of carrageenan extraction process. Biotechnol Biofuels 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0535-9
Mendes JF, Paschoalin RT, Carmona VB, Sena Neto AR, Marques ACP, Marconcini JM, Mattoso LHC, Medeiros ES, Oliveira JE (2016) Biodegradable polymer blends based on corn starch and thermoplastic chitosan processed by extrusion. Carbohydr Polym 137:452–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.093
Mohammadi Nafchi A, Cheng LH, Karim AA (2011) Effects of plasticizers on thermal properties and heat sealability of sago starch films. Food Hydrocoll 25:56–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.05.005
Nur Hanani ZA, Aelma Husna AB (2018) Effect of different types and concentrations of emulsifier on the characteristics of kappa-carrageenan films. Int J Biol Macromol 114:710–716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.163
Ramu Ganesan A, Shanmugam M, Bhat R (2018) Producing novel edible films from semi refined carrageenan (SRC) and ulvan polysaccharides for potential food applications. Int J Biol Macromol 112:1164–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.089
Rhein-Knudsen N, Ale MT, Meyer AS (2015) Seaweed hydrocolloid production: an update on enzyme assisted extraction and modification technologies. Mar Drugs 13:3340–3359. https://doi.org/10.3390/md13063340
Rhim J-W, Park H-M, Ha C-S (2013) Bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Prog Polym Sci 38:1629–1652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.05.008
Ross G, Ross S, Tighe BJ (2017) Bioplastics: new routes. New Products Brydson’s Plast Mater:631–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-35824-8.00023-2
Roy PK, Hakkarainen M, Varma IK, Albertsson AC (2011) Degradable polyethylene: fantasy or reality. Environ Sci Technol 45:4217–4227. https://doi.org/10.1021/es104042f
Shojaee-Aliabadi S, Hosseini H, Mohammadifar MA, Mohammadi A, Ghasemlou M, Hosseini SM, Khaksar R (2014) Characterization of κ-carrageenan films incorporated plant essential oils with improved antimicrobial activity. Carbohydr Polym 101:582–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.070
Souza AC, Benze R, Ferrão ES, Ditchfield C, Coelho ACV, Tadini CC (2012) Cassava starch biodegradable films: influence of glycerol and clay nanoparticles content on tensile and barrier properties and glass transition temperature. LWT - Food Sci Technol 46:110–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.10.018
Sudhakar MP, Merlyn R, Arunkumar K, Perumal K (2016) Characterization, pretreatment and saccharification of spent seaweed biomass for bioethanol production using baker’s yeast. Biomass and Bioenergy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.03.031
Sudhakar MP, Jegatheesan A, Poonam C, Perumal K, Arunkumar K (2017) Biosaccharification and ethanol production from spent seaweed biomass using marine bacteria and yeast. Renew Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.055
Tavassoli-Kafrani E, Shekarchizadeh H, Masoudpour-Behabadi M (2016) Development of edible films and coatings from alginates and carrageenans. Carbohydr Polym 137:360–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.074
Thakur S, Chaudhary J, Sharma B, Verma A, Tamulevicius S, Thakur VK (2018) Sustainability of bioplastics: opportunities and challenges. Curr Opin Green Sustain Chem 13:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.04.013
Weng YX, Jin YJ, Meng QY, Wang L, Zhang M, Wang YZ (2013) Biodegradation behavior of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and their blend under soil conditions. Polym Test 32:918–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.05.001
Zhang C, Show PL, Ho SH (2019) Progress and perspective on algal plastics – a critical review. Bioresour Technol
Zhu M, Ge L, Lyu Y, Zi Y, Li X, Li D, Mu C (2017) Preparation, characterization and antibacterial activity of oxidized κ-carrageenan. Carbohydr Polym 174:1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.029
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, for providing necessary laboratory facilities.
Funding
The authors thank the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India, for the funding support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible editor: Santiago V. Luis
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(XLSX 14 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sudhakar, M.P., Magesh Peter, D. & Dharani, G. Studies on the development and characterization of bioplastic film from the red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 33899–33913 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10010-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10010-z