Abstract
This study presents the extraction of antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solution employing activated carbons (AC) from olive biomass (OB). Two AC were prepared using ZnCl2 (activator agent), and a conventional muffle furnace (ACF) or microwave oven (ACMW). The structure, morphology, and textural properties from both AC were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), pH of point-zero-charge (pHPZC), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms. AC with mesoporous structures rich in oxygenated groups and high specific area (as high as 1742 m2 g−1) were helpful for the efficient and fast adsorption of AMX. The Avrami kinetic nonlinear equation showed the best fitting for the empirical data when related to the pseudo-1st and pseudo-2nd order. The isothermal experimental data followed the Liu nonlinear model, displaying at 25 °C the maximum sorption capacity of 237.02 and 166.96 mg g−1 for the ACF and ACMW, respectively. An adsorption test with synthetic hospital effluent was carried out to evaluate the possibility of applying both adsorbents in wastewater purification. The purification efficiency was up to 94.4% and 91.96% for ACF and ACMW, respectively. Therefore, the AC obtained from OB (containing a mixture of seed, pulp, and olive peel) has a high potential for application in removing emerging contaminants from the wastewater.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Oliva Comércio de Azeites LTDA from Pinheiro Machado, Brazil (https://azeitebatalha.com.br), for providing the olive biomass and the Electronic Microscopy Center of the South Zone (CEME-Sul, from the Federal University of Rio Grande) for the use of the SEM microscope. Likewise, we acknowledge ChemAxon for providing us permission for the Marvin Sketch software.
Funding
The authors thank the Research Support of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS, Brazil), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil), and Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brazil) for sponsorship and financial support.
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Rodrigues, D.L.C., Machado, F.M., Osório, A.G. et al. Adsorption of amoxicillin onto high surface area–activated carbons based on olive biomass: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 41394–41404 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09583-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09583-6