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Sub-chronic exposure to Kalach 360 SL–induced damage in rats’ liver and hematological system

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Abstract

We investigated the effects of sub-chronic exposure to Kalach 360 SL (KL), glyphosate-based herbicide used in Tunisia, on liver and hematological system in different groups of female rats. Group 1 was used as a control, while animals of groups 2 and 3 received orally 0.07 mL and 0.175 mL of KL, respectively (126 and 315 mg of glyphosate/kg), for 60 days. As a result, the KL-exposed groups exhibited hypochromic microcytic anemia, systemic inflammation, cytolysis, decrease in hepatic enzyme activity, and cholestasis. Exposure to different doses of KL could induce erythrocyte destruction (hemolysis) in hematopoietic organs (bones). Moreover, lipid peroxidation contents and protein oxidation markers significantly increased in exposed groups, while enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities decreased considerably, in both erythrocytes and liver tissues, compared with those in controls. Liver histological studies confirmed the presence of inflammatory reaction with pathology involving the damage or necrosis of hepatocytes, however, without fibrosis remodulation. Thus, KL sub-chronic exposure caused hepatonecrosis, systemic inflammation, and hemolysis.

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Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AOPP:

Oxidation protein product

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

BW:

Bodyweight

CAT:

Catalase

CRP:

C-reactive protein

D1:

Dose 1

D2:

Dose 2

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

G:

Glyphosate

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

Hb:

Hemoglobin

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

H&E:

Hematoxylin–eosin

KL:

Kalach

LD50:

Lethal dose

LDH:

Lactate deshydrogenase

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MCH:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

PAL:

Alcaline phosphatase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

Vit C:

Vitamin C

VGM:

Mean corpuscular volume

WBC:

White blood cell

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Pr. Wassim Hariz and Pr. Kamel Maaloul English Language Teachers at the Faculty of Science of Sfax, for having proofread the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and it was carried out in the research unit 12ES15 (previously 99/UR/0860) of the Faculty of Medicine, Sfax.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Histology-Embryology Laboratory, UR 12ES15 Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Street Majida Boulila, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia

    Latifa Hamdaoui, Fatma Rahmouni & Tarek Rebai

  2. Biochemistry Laboratory, UR 12ES17 Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia

    Manel Naifar & Fatma Ayadi

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  1. Latifa Hamdaoui
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  2. Manel Naifar
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  3. Fatma Rahmouni
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Correspondence to Latifa Hamdaoui.

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Our experimental protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee and all efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and reduce the number of animals used.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Hamdaoui, L., Naifar, M., Rahmouni, F. et al. Sub-chronic exposure to Kalach 360 SL–induced damage in rats’ liver and hematological system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 36634–36646 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06491-2

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