Abstract
Up-flow biological activated carbon (UBAC) filter has been widely used in waterworks due to its less hydraulic loss, stronger biodegradation ability, and the prevention of excessive biomass growth relative to down-flow BAC treatment. In this study, the different removal efficiency (DRE) of disinfection byproduct precursors between dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) was evaluated when UBAC filter was used as advanced treatment process. Results showed that the UBAC filter with approximately 36 months of usage time had a poor performance in the removal of DCAcAm formation potential (FP) (i.e. 9.3–19.1%) compared to DCAN FP (i.e., 22.5–34.1%). After chlorination of UBAC effluent, the hydrolysis of DCAN to form DCAcAm only partly contributed to the DRE variations of both DCAN FP and DCAcAm FP. Using the high-throughput sequencing technology and the redundancy analysis (RDA), the second dominant genus Bacillus in UBAC filter, which may transform precursors of DCAN into inorganic matters, could be another reason that led to the DRE in DCAN and DCAcAm FP. The formation and leakage of soluble microbial products (SMPs) was identified by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) peak intensities as well as variation of biological index (BIX). The SMPs released into UBAC effluent, favoring the formation of DCAcAm, also contributed to the precursors of both DCAN and DCAcAm, causing a poor removal performance in DCAcAm FP by UBAC filter.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bolotin A, Gillis A, Sanchis V, Nielsenleroux C, Mahillon J, Lereclus D, Sorokin A (2017) Comparative genomics of extrachromosomal elements in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Res Microbiol 168(4):331–344
Chang H, Chen C, Wang G (2013) Characteristics of C-, N-DBPs formation from nitrogen-enriched dissolved organic matter in raw water and treated wastewater effluent. Water Res 47(8):2729–2741
Chen W, Westerhoff P, Leenheer JA, Booksh K (2015) Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 37(24):5701–5710
Chen W, Liu Z, Tao H, Xu H, Gu Y, Chen Z, Yu J (2017) Factors affecting the formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products during chlorination of aspartic acid in drinking water. Sci Total Environ 575:519–524
Chen H, Lin T, Chen W, Tao H, Xu H (2019) Removal of disinfection byproduct precursors and reduction in additive toxicity of chlorinated and chloraminated waters by ozonation and up-flow biological activated carbon process. Chemosphere 216:624–632
Chu WH, Gao NY, Yang D (2010a) Formation of haloacetamides during chlorination of dissolved organic nitrogen aspartic acid. J Hazard Mater 173(1–3):82–86
Chu WH, Gao NY, Deng Y, Krasner SW (2010b) Precursors of dichloroacetamide, an emerging nitrogenous DBP formed during chlorination or chloramination. Environ Sci Technol 44(10):3908–3912
Chu WH, Gao NY, Deng Y, Templeton MR, Yin DQ (2011) Formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products from pre-chloramination. Chemosphere 85(7):1187–1191
Chu W, Gao N, Yin D, Deng Y, Templeton MR (2012) Ozone-biological activated carbon integrated treatment for removal of precursors of halogenated nitrogenous disinfection by-products. Chemosphere 86(11):1087–1091
Chu W, Gao N, Yin D, Krasner SW (2013) Formation and speciation of nine haloacetamides, an emerging class of nitrogenous DBPs, during chlorination or chloramination. J Hazard Mater 260(6):806–812
Chu W, Li C, Gao N, Templetonb MR, Zhang Y (2015) Terminating pre-ozonation prior to biological activated carbon filtration results in increased formation of nitrogenous disinfection by-products upon subsequent chlorination. Chemosphere 121(2):33–38
Chuang YH, Tung HH (2015) Formation of trichloronitromethane and dichloroacetonitrile in natural waters: precursor characterization, kinetics and interpretation. J Hazard Mater 283:218–226
Compton OC, Jain B, Dikin DA, Abouimrane A, Amine K, Nguyen ST (2011) Chemically active reduced graphene oxide with tunable C/O ratios. ACS Nano 5(6):4380–4391
de Vera GA, Keller J, Gernjak W, Weinberg H, Farré MJ (2016) Biodegradability of DBP precursors after drinking water ozonation. Water Res 106:550–561
Ding S, Chu W, Bond T, Wang Q, Gao N, Xu B, Du E (2017) Formation and estimated toxicity of trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and haloacetamides from the chlor(am)ination of acetaminophen. J Hazard Mater 341:112–119
Dong X, Zhou W, Zhang Z (2011) Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products (SMPs) in biological activated carbon (BAC) system. 7th International Conference on Environmental Anaerobic Technologies and Bioenergy, pp. 39–53
Dotson A, Westerhoff P (2009) Occurrence and removal of amino acids during drinking water treatment. Journal 101(9):101–115
Ge F, Zhou LY, Wang Y, Ma Y, Zhai S, Liu ZH, Dai YJ, Yuan S (2014) Hydrolysis of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid by the N 2 -fixing bacterium Ensifer meliloti CGMCC 7333. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 93:10–17
Glezer V, Harris B, Tal N, Iosefzon B, Lev O (1999) Hydrolysis of haloacetonitriles: linear free energy relationship, kinetics and products. Water Res 33(8):1938–1948
Han L, Liu W, Chen M, Zhang M, Liu S, Sun R, Fei X (2013) Comparison of NOM removal and microbial properties in up-flow/down-flow BAC filter. Water Res 47(14):4861–4868
Hong S, Tang XC, Wu NX, Chen HB (2018) Leakage of soluble microbial products from biological activated carbon filtration in drinking water treatment plants and its influence on health risks. Chemosphere 202:626–636
Huang H, Wu QY, Hu HY, Mitch WA (2012) Dichloroacetonitrile and dichloroacetamide can form independently during chlorination and chloramination of drinking waters, model organic matters, and wastewater effluents. Environ Sci Technol 46(19):10624–10631
Huang H, Wu QY, Tang X, Jiang R, Hu HY (2016) Formation of haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides and their precursors during chlorination of secondary effluents. Chemosphere 144:297–303
Huguet A, Vacher L, Relexans S, Saubusse S, Froidefond JM, Parlanti E (2009) Properties of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Gironde estuary. Org Geochem 40(6):706–719
Ina K, Deborah L, Henderson RK, Joll CA, Kathryn L (2017) Formation and control of nitrogenous DBPs from Western Australian source waters: investigating the impacts of high nitrogen and bromide concentrations. J Environ Sci 58(8):102–115
Jia A, Wu C, Yan D (2016) Precursors and factors affecting formation of haloacetonitriles and chloropicrin during chlor(am)ination of nitrogenous organic compounds in drinking water. J Hazard Mater 308:411–418
Jiang J, Zhang X (2018) A smart strategy for controlling disinfection byproducts by reversing the sequence of activated carbon adsorption and chlorine disinfection. Sci Bull 63:1167–1169
Jiang J, Zhang X, Zhu X, Li Y (2017) Removal of intermediate aromatic halogenated DBPs by activated carbon adsorption: a new approach to controlling halogenated DBPs in chlorinated drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 51(6):3435–3444
Jiang J, Li W, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhu X (2018) A new approach to controlling halogenated DBPs by GAC adsorption of aromatic intermediates from chlorine disinfection: effects of bromide and contact time. Sep Purif Technol 203:260–267
Julien LR, Maolida N, Jean-Philippe C (2016) The role of aromatic precursors in the formation of haloacetamides by chloramination of dissolved organic matter. Water Res 88:371–379
Krasner SW, Sclimenti MJ, Guo YC, Hwang CJ, Westerhoff P (2004) Development of DBP and nitrosamine formation potential tests for treated wastewater, reclaimed water, and drinking water. In: Proceedings of the 2004 AWWA water quality technology conference. AWWA, Denver
Krasner SW, Weinberg HS, Richardson SD, Pastor SJ, Chinn R, Sclimenti MJ, Onstad GD, Jr TA (2006) Occurrence of a new generation of disinfection byproducts. Environ Sci Technol 40(23):7175–7185
Kunacheva C, Stuckey DC (2014) Analytical methods for soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymers (ECP) in wastewater treatment systems: a review. Water Res 61(18):1–18
Lee SK, Freitag D, Steinberg C, Kettrup A, Kim YH (1993) Effects of dissolved humic materials on acute toxicity of some organic chemicals to aquatic organisms. Water Res 27(2):199–204
Lee W, Westerhoff P, Croué JP (2007) Dissolved organic nitrogen as a precursor for chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and trichloronitromethane. Environ Sci Technol 41(15):5485–5490
Li C, Wang D, Xu X, Xu M, Wang Z, Xiao R (2017) Tracking changes in composition and amount of dissolved organic matter throughout drinking water treatment plants by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 609:123–131
Liao X, Chen C, Chang CH, Wang Z, Zhang X, Xie S (2012) Heterogeneity of microbial community structures inside the up-flow biological activated carbon (BAC) filters for the treatment of drinking water. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 17(4):881–886
Liao X, Chen C, Wang Z, Wan R, Chang CH, Zhang X, Xie S (2013) Changes of biomass and bacterial communities in biological activated carbon filters for drinking water treatment. Process Biochem 48(2):312–316
Lin T, Zhou D, Dong J, Jiang F, Chen W (2016a) Acute toxicity of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), a typical nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP), on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 133:97–104
Lin T, Zhou D, Yu S, Chen W (2016b) The removal process of 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), a new disinfection by-product, in drinking water treatment process and its toxicity on zebrafish. Chemosphere 159:403–411
Muellner MG, Wagner ED, Kristin MC, Richardson SD, Yin-Tak W, Plewa MJ (2007) Haloacetonitriles vs. regulated haloacetic acids: are nitrogen-containing DBPs more toxic? Environ Sci Technol 41(2):645–651
Niemi RM, Heiskanen I, Heine R, Rapala J (2009) Previously uncultured beta-Proteobacteria dominate in biologically active granular activated carbon (BAC) filters. Water Res 43(20):5075–5086
Nihemaiti M, Le RJ, Hoppejones C, Reckhow DA, Croue JP (2017) Formation of haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides and nitrogenous heterocyclic by-products by chloramination of phenolic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 51(1):655–663
Plewa MJ, Muellner MG, Richardson SD, Fasano F, Buettner KM, Woo YT, Mckague AB, Wagner ED (2008) Occurrence, synthesis, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of haloacetamides: an emerging class of nitrogenous drinking water disinfection byproducts. Environ Sci Technol 42(3):955–961
Reckhow DA, Macneill AL, Platt TL, Mcclellan JN (2001) Formation and degradation of dichloroacetonitrile in drinking waters. J Water Supply Res Technol 50(1):1–13
Shen H, Chen X, Zhang D, Chen HB (2016) Generation of soluble microbial products by bio-activated carbon filter during drinking water advanced treatment and its influence on spectral characteristics. Sci Total Environ 569-570:1289–1298
Tan Y, Lin T, Jiang F, Dong J, Chen W, Zhou D (2017) The shadow of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), a typical nitrogenous disinfection by-product (N-DBP), in the waterworks and its backwash water reuse. Chemosphere 181:569–578
USEPA (1995) Determination of chlorination disinfection byproducts, chlorinated solvents, and halogenated pesticides/herbicides in drinking water by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (Revision 1.0). Much, J.W., Hautman, D.P. Office of Research Development, Washington, DC
Vargasalbores F, Porchascornejo MA, Martínezporchas M, Villalpandocanchola E, Gollasgalván T, Martínezcórdova LR (2017) Bacterial biota of shrimp intestine is significantly modified by the use of a probiotic mixture: a high throughput sequencing approach. Helgol Mar Res 71(1):5
Wang S, Lin T, Chen W, Chen H (2017) Optimization of the precursor removal of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), an emerging nitrogenous disinfection by-product, in an up-flow BAC filter. Chemosphere 189:309–318
Wang AQ, Lin YL, Xu B, Hu CY, Zhang MS, Xia SJ, Zhang TY, Chu WH, Gao NY (2018) Degradation of acrylamide during chlorination as a precursor of haloacetonitriles and haloacetamides. Sci Total Environ 615:38–46
Xie Y, Xiong Z, Xing G, Sun G, Zhu Z (2007) Assessment of nitrogen pollutant sources in surface waters of Taihu Lake region. Pedosphere 17(2):200–208
Yabuuchi E, Kosako Y (2015) Sphingomonas: Bergey's Manual of Systemayics of Archaea and Bacteria. Wiley
Yang X, Shen Q, Guo W, Peng J, Liang Y (2012) Precursors and nitrogen origins of trichloronitromethane and dichloroacetonitrile during chlorination/chloramination. Chemosphere 88(1):25–32
Yang MT, Liberatore HK, Zhang XR (2019) Current methods for analyzing drinking water disinfection byproducts. Curr Opinion Environ Sci Health 7:98–107
Yu Y, Wu H (2011) Kinetics and mechanism of glucose decomposition in hot-compressed water: effect of initial glucose concentration. Ind Eng Chem Res 50(50):10500–10508
Yu S, Lin T, Chen W, Tao H (2015) The toxicity of a new disinfection by-product, 2,2-dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm), on adult zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) and its occurrence in the chlorinated drinking water. Chemosphere 139:40–46
Zhang D, Li W, Zhang S, Liu M, Zhao X, Zhang X (2011) Bacterial community and function of biological activated carbon filter in drinking water treatment. Biomed Environ Sci 24(2):122–131
Zhang M, Liu W, Nie X, Li C, Gu J, Zhang C (2012) Molecular analysis of bacterial communities in biofilms of a drinking water Clearwell. Microbes Environ 27(4):443–448
Zhang Y, Chu W, Yao D, Yin D (2017) Control of aliphatic halogenated DBP precursors with multiple drinking water treatment processes: formation potential and integrated toxicity. J Environ Sci 58(8):322–330
Zheng J, Lin T, Chen W, Tao H, Tan Y, Ma B (2018) Removal of precursors of typical nitrogenous disinfection byproducts in ozonation integrated with biological activated carbon (O3/BAC). Chemosphere 209:68–77
Zlatanovic L, Jp VDH, Jhg V (2017) An experimental study on the influence of water stagnation and temperature change on water quality in a full-scale domestic drinking water system. Water Res 123:761–772
Funding
The Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment (2017ZX07201002). Financial support was received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project 51438006) and A Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Bingcai Pan
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 107 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, H., Lin, T., Chen, W. et al. Different removal efficiency of disinfection-byproduct precursors between dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) by up-flow biological activated carbon (UBAC) process. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 25874–25882 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05736-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05736-4