Abstract
Formation water (FoW) is a by-product from oil and gas production and usually has high concentrations of soluble salts and metals. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) have been shown to reduce the toxicity of metals to aquatic animals, and previous study showed that high waterborne Ca exerts mild effect against disturbances on Na+ regulation in Amazonian armored catfish tamoatá (Hoplosternum littorale) acutely exposed to high Fe, Mn, and Ba levels. Here, we hypothesized that high Mg levels might also reduce the toxic effects of these metals on Na+ regulation of tamoatá. The exposure to 5% FoW promoted an increase in Na+ uptake and a rapid accumulation of Na+ in all tissues analyzed (kidney<plasma<gills<carcass<liver), besides increasing the branchial activity of both NKA and v-type H+-ATPase in fish. High waterborne Mg lowered Na+ efflux rates and markedly inhibited Na+ uptake, and also reduced both NKA activity and newly Na+ accumulation in gills of fish. High Fe levels increased Na+ net losses and inhibited Na+ uptake in tamoatá. The diffusive Na+ losses and the newly accumulated Na+ in gills were reduced in fish exposed to high Mn and Ba. High waterborne Ba also inhibited NKA in gills, while both high Mn and Ba inhibited v-type H+-ATPase in kidney of tamoatá. High Mg did not lessen the toxic effect of Fe on Na+ net fluxes, and reduced even more Na+ uptake and the newly Na+ accumulation in gills and plasma, and did not prevent the inhibition of both NKA and v-type H+-ATPases in kidney. Furthermore, Mg did not attenuate the effect of Mn on inhibition Na+ uptake, keeping the activity of v-type H+-ATPase in kidney significantly lowered. High Mg levels mildly attenuated the effects of Ba in Na+ balance by increasing the new accumulation of Na+ in liver, and restore the activity of both NKA and v-type H+-ATPase in gills of tamoatá. Overall, high waterborne Mg does not have a strong contribution to, or have only minor effects, in protecting tamoatá against disruptions in Na+ regulation mediated by high Fe, Mn, and Ba levels.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) for fellowships to B. Baldisserotto, L. Garcia, L.C. Gomes, and A.L. Val, and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa no Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS), INCT ADAPTA (CNPq, process 573976/2008-2), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas (FAPEAM, process 06.03159/2008) for financial support. RMD was supported by a doctoral fellowship from the Brazilian Centre for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
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Duarte, R.M., Benaduce, A.P., Garcia, L. et al. High waterborne Mg does not attenuate the toxic effects of Fe, Mn, and Ba on Na+ regulation of Amazonian armored catfish tamoatá (Hoplosternum litoralle). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 18027–18037 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2064-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2064-5