Abstract
The toxicity of nickel and three of its main collectors, sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), sodium ethyl xanthate (SEX), and potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX) to soil microbial activity, was analyzed, individually and as a binary combination of nickel and each of the collectors. The investigation was performed through the microcalorimetric analysis method. For the single chemicals, all power-time curves exhibited lag, exponential, stationary, and death phases of microbial growth. Different parameters exhibited a significant adverse effect of the analyzed chemicals on soil microbial activity, with a positive relationship between the inhibitory ratio and the chemical dose (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). A peak power reduction level of 24.23% was noted for 50 μg g−1 soil in the case of Ni while for the mineral collectors, only 5 μg g−1 soil and 50 μg g−1 soil induced a peak power reduction level of over 35 and 50%, respectively, in general. The inhibitory ratio ranged in the following order: PEX > SEX > SIPX > Ni. Similar behavior was observed with the mixture toxicity whose inhibitory ratio substantially decreased (maximum decrease of 38.35%) and slightly increased (maximum increase of 15.34%), in comparison with the single toxicity of mineral collectors and nickel, respectively. The inhibitory ratio of the mixture toxicity was positively correlated (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) with the total dose of the mixture. In general, the lesser and higher toxic effects are those of mixtures containing SIPX and PEX, respectively.
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Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the International Joint Key Project from Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (2010DFB23160), Key project from National Science Foundation of China (41430106), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41273092), Public welfare project of Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection (201409042). We are thankful for Dr. Wang Fei, Dr. Weijuan Lin, Mr. Zunwei Guo, and Mr. Mpumelelo Elton Jikumlambo and Mr. Dimberu G. Atinafu for their technical assistance.
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Bararunyeretse, P., Ji, H. & Yao, J. Toxicity of nickel to soil microbial community with and without the presence of its mineral collectors—a calorimetric approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 15134–15147 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9127-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9127-x