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Treatment of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) contaminated soil by solubilizer-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with ZVI-PRB

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Abstract

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) is a typical soil contaminant released from e-waste recycling sites (EWRSs). Electrokinetics (EK) has been considered as an excellent treatment technology with a promising potential to effectively remove organic pollutants in soil. In this study, the treatment of BDE209-polluted soil by EK was explored. All the EK experiments were conducted under a constant voltage gradient (2 V cm−1) for 14 days. Deionized water (DI water), hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and humic acid (HA) were applied as the processing fluid. The experimental results showed that all the solubilizers could effectively promote the mobility and transport of BDE209 in the soil via the electro-osmotic flow (EOF) or electromigration. The removal efficiencies achieved in S1 section were 24, 22, and 26% using HPCD, SDS, and HA as the processing fluid. However, the removal of BDE209 for the entire soil cell was not achieved until zero valence iron (ZVI) was inserted at the center of soil column as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) or (ZVI-PRB), which enhanced the degradation of BDE209. As ZVI-PRB was installed in EK5 and EK6 experiments, the corresponding average removal efficiencies increased to 16 and 13%, respectively. Additionally, the degradation products of BDE209 analyzed by GC-MS suggested that debromination of BDE209 was the main potential degradation mechanism in the EK treatment in the presence of ZVI-PRB.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41372262, 41371467, 41301344, 41201303) and the Shanghai Pujiang Program (15PJD013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China

    Dongdong Wen, Xing Chen & Wei Zhang

  2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Rongbing Fu & Zhen Xu

  3. College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China

    Yingying Gu

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  1. Rongbing Fu
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  2. Dongdong Wen
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  3. Xing Chen
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Correspondence to Rongbing Fu or Wei Zhang.

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Fu, R., Wen, D., Chen, X. et al. Treatment of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) contaminated soil by solubilizer-enhanced electrokinetics coupled with ZVI-PRB. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 13509–13518 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8919-3

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