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Multi-analytical methodology to diagnose the environmental impact suffered by building materials in coastal areas

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Abstract

This work is focused on the development of an innovative multi-analytical methodology to estimate the impact suffered by building materials in coastal environments. With the aim of improving the in situ spectroscopic assessment, which is often based on XRF and Raman spectrometers, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy was implemented in the diagnosis study. In this way, the additional benefits from DRIFT were compared to the usual in situ analyses of building materials, which often have interferences from fluorescence and reststrahlen effects. The studies were extended to the laboratory scale by μ-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) cross-section mapping and ion chromatography (IC), and the IC quantitative data were employed to develop thermodynamic models using the ECOS-RUNSALT program, with the aim of rationalizing the behavior of soluble salts with variations in the temperature and the relative humidity (RH). The multi-analytical methodology allowed identification of the most significant weathering agents and classification of the severity of degradation according to the salt content. The suitability of a DRIFT portable device to analyze these types of matrices was verified. Although the Kramers-Kronig algorithm correction proved to be inadequate to decrease the expected spectral distortions, the assignment was successfully performed based on the secondary bands and intensification of the overtones and decreased the time needed for in situ data collection. In addition, the pollutants’ distribution in the samples and the possible presence of dangerous compounds, which were not detected during the in situ analysis campaigns, provided valuable information to clarify weathering phenomena.

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Acknowledgements

O. Gómez-Laserna and L. Kortazar, gratefully acknowledge their post-doctoral contract from the University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and predoctoral fellowship from the Basque Government (GV/EJ), respectively.

Funding

This work has been financially supported by the project MADYLIN from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (ref: BIA2017-87063-P) and by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (EHU/UPV), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48080, Leioa, Bilbao, Spain

    Olivia Gómez-Laserna, Marta Diez-Garcia, Nagore Prieto-Taboada, Leire Kortazar, María Ángeles Olazabal & Juan Manuel Madariaga

  2. Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy

    Paola Cardiano

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  1. Olivia Gómez-Laserna
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  2. Paola Cardiano
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  3. Marta Diez-Garcia
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  4. Nagore Prieto-Taboada
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  5. Leire Kortazar
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  6. María Ángeles Olazabal
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Correspondence to Olivia Gómez-Laserna.

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Responsible editor: Santiago V. Luis

Electronic supplementary material

Figure A1

Plan of the studied area (dock promenade of Donostia) of the building location is indicated. (GIF 92 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 1120 kb)

Figure A2

Average ion content determined by ion chromatography of sandstone samples of the facade in different months. (GIF 23 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 318 kb)

Table A1

Building material samples collected in the Fishermen’s Association building. The type of material, height (low from 0 to 0.2 m, medium at 0.8 m and high 1.5 m) on the wall and area of the building are indicated. (DOCX 13 kb)

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Gómez-Laserna, O., Cardiano, P., Diez-Garcia, M. et al. Multi-analytical methodology to diagnose the environmental impact suffered by building materials in coastal areas. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 4371–4386 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0798-0

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