Abstract
Co-, Ce-, and Ni-doped carbon xerogels (Me-CX) synthesized by sol-gel method followed by an ion exchange process were used as catalysts for catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of phenol. The prepared catalysts were characterized using TEM, SEM, BET surface area, and XRD. Me-CX catalysts were tested in mild conditions (20–60 °C, atmospheric pressure) in a semi-batch reactor in various reaction conditions (30–60 L/h, 0.05–0.2 g catalysts, 50–175 mg phenol/L). Total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency values obtained decrease in the following order Co-CX ≅ Ce-CX > Ni1-CX > K-CX for the catalysts obtained using the same procedure. TOC removal efficiencies of up to 72% were reached in case of Co-CX catalyst at 20 °C, 40 L/h, using 0.15 g catalyst and a solution of 100 mg phenol/L.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmaruzzaman M (2008) Adsorption of phenolic compounds on low-cost adsorbents: a review. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 143:48–67
Antolini E (2009) Carbon supports for low-temperature fuel cell catalysts. Appl Catal B Environ 88:1–24
Busca G, Berardinelli S, Resini C, Arrighi L (2008) Technologies for the removal of phenol from fluid streams: a short review of recent developments. J Hazard Mater 160:265–288
Calace N, Nardi E, Petronio BM, Pietroletti M (2002) Adsorption of phenols by papermill sludges. Environ Pollut 118:315–319
Cotet LC, Fort CI, Danciu V (2012) Influence of tubular TiO2-ZrO2 ceramic support on the morpho-structural properties of the undoped and Cu doped carbon xerogels. Studia UBB Chemia 3:73–80
Cotet LC, Gigh M, Roig A, Popescu IC, Cosoveanu V, Molins E, Danciu V (2006) Synthesis and structural characteristics of carbon aerogels with a high content of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pd. J Non-Cryst Solids 352:2772–2777
Cotet LC, Maicaneanu A, Danciu V (2014) Mesoporous carbon aerogels. Synthesis, characterisation and environmental applications-chapter. In: Comprehensive guide for mesoporous materials, volume 1: synthesis and characterization. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, pp 203–240
Cotet LC, Roig A, Popescu IC, Cosoveanu V, Molins E, Danciu V (2007) Synthesis of meso- and macroporous carbon aerogels. Rev Roum Chim 52:1077–1081
Cybulski A (2007) Catalytic wet air oxidation: are monolithic catalysts and reactors feasible? Ind Eng Chem Res 46:4007–4033
Derbyshire F, Jagtoyen M, Andrews R, Rao A, Martin-Gullon I, Grulke E (2001) Carbon materials in environmental applications. In: Radovic LR (ed) Chemistry and physics of carbon. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–66
Fort CI, Cotet LC, Vulpoi A, Turdean GL, Danciu V, Baia L, Popescu IC (2015) Bismuth doped carbon xerogel nanocomposite incorporated inchitosan matrix for ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of Pb(II) and Cd(II). Sensors Actuators B Chem 220:712–719
Frackowiak E, Beguin F (2001) Carbon materials for the electrochemical storage of energy in capacitors. Carbon 39:937–950
Fu J, Kyzas GZ (2014) Wet air oxidation for the decolorization of dye wastewater: an overview of the last two decades. Chin J Catal 35:1–7
Gich M, Fernandez-Sanchez C, Cotet LC, Niu P, Roig AJ (2013) Facile synthesis of porous bismuth-carbon nanocomposites for the sensitive detection of heavy metals. Mat Chem 1:11410–11418
Girgis BS, Attia AA, Fathy NA (2011) Potential of nano-carbon xerogels in the remediation of dye-contaminated water discharges. Desalination 265:169–176
Girgis BS, El-Sherif IY, Attia AA, Fathy NA (2012) Textural and adsorption characteristics of carbon xerogel adsorbents for removal of Cu (II) ions from aqueous solution. J Non-Cryst Solids 358:741–747
Hu C, Zhang Z, Liu H, Gao P, Wang ZL (2006) Direct synthesis and structure characterization of ultrafine CeO2 nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 17(24):5983–5987
Jaumann T, Ibrahim EMM, Hampel S, Maier D, Leonhardt A, Büchner B (2013) The synthesis of superparamagnetic cobalt nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon through high-pressure CVD. Chem Vap Depos 7-8-9:228–234
Jing G, Luan M, Chen T (2012) Progress of catalytic wet air oxidation technology. Arab J Chem. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.01.001
Kang J, Wang R, Wang H, Liao S, Key J, Linkov V, Ji S (2013) Effect of Ni core structure on the electrocatalytic activity of Pt-Ni/C in methanol oxidation. Materials 7:2689–2700
Kim KH, Ihm SK (2011) Heterogeneous catalytic wet air oxidation of refractory organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters: a review. J Hazard Mater 186:16–34
Levec J, Pintar A (2007) Catalytic wet-air oxidation processes: a review. Catal Today 124:172–184
Li W, Liang C, Zhou W, Qiu J, Zhou Z, Sun G, Xin Q (2003) Preparation and characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotube-supported platinum for cathode catalysts of direct methanol fuel cells. J Phys Chem B 107:6292–6299
Moreno-Castilla C, Maldonado-Hodar FJ (2005) Carbon aerogels for catalysis applications: an overview. Carbon 43:455–465
Pekala RW (1989) Organic aerogels from the polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde. J Mater Sci 24:3221–3227
Ribeiro RS, Fathy NA, Attia AA, Silva AMT, Faria JL, Gomes HT (2012) Activated carbon xerogels for the removal of the anionic azo dyes Orange II and Chromotrope 2R by adsorption and catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. Chem Eng J 195-196:112–121
Zimmermann F (1958) New waste disposal process. J Chem Eng 65:117–120
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Suresh Pillai
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pleşa Chicinaş, R., Coteţ, L.C., Măicăneanu, A. et al. Preparation, characterization, and testing of metal-doped carbon xerogels as catalyst for phenol CWAO. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 2980–2986 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8073-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8073-3