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Effect on the growth and development and induction of abnormalities by a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient during two developmental stages of the South-American Creole frog, Leptodactylus latrans

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Abstract

We evaluated the acute lethal and sublethal effects of technical-grade glyphosate (GLY) and the GLY-based commercial formulation Roundup ULTRA MAX® (RU) on two Gosner stages (Gss) 25 and 36 of the South-American Creole frog, Leptodactylus latrans. Bioassays were performed following standardized methods within a wide range of concentrations (0.0007–9.62 mg of acid equivalents per liter—a.e./L—of RU and 3–300 mg/L of GLY). The endpoints evaluated were mortality, swimming activity, growth, development, and the presence of morphologic abnormalities, especially in the mouthparts. No lethal effects were observed on larvae exposed to GLY during either Gs-25 or Gs-36. The concentrations inducing 50 % lethality in RU-exposed larvae at different exposure times and Gss ranged from 3.26 to 9.61 mg a.e./L. Swimming activity was affected by only RU. Effects on growth and development and the induction of morphologic abnormalities—like oral abnormalities and edema—were observed after exposure to either GLY or RU. Gs-25 was the most sensitive stage to both forms of the herbicide. The commercial formulation was much more toxic than the active ingredient on all the endpoints assessed. Effects on growth, development, and the induction of morphologic abnormalities observed in the range of environmental concentrations reported for agroecosystems of Argentina constitute an alert to the potential detrimental effects of the herbicide that could be affecting the fitness and survival of anurans in agroecosystems.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Damian Marino for chemical analyses. The study was supported by Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica under Grants PICT-2010-0891 and PICT-2014-0919. Dr. Donald F. Haggerty, a retired academic career investigator and native English speaker, edited the final version of the manuscript.

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  1. Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIMA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas and CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115. La Plata, 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Nadia Carla Bach, Guillermo Sebastián Natale & Alicia Estela Ronco

  2. Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km. 8.2 (B7130IWA), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Gustavo Manuel Somoza

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  1. Nadia Carla Bach
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  2. Guillermo Sebastián Natale
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  3. Gustavo Manuel Somoza
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  4. Alicia Estela Ronco
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alicia Estela Ronco.

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The tadpoles were maintained under laboratory conditions according to the Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council 2011).

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Bach, N.C., Natale, G.S., Somoza, G.M. et al. Effect on the growth and development and induction of abnormalities by a glyphosate commercial formulation and its active ingredient during two developmental stages of the South-American Creole frog, Leptodactylus latrans . Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 23959–23971 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7631-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7631-z

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